{"ID":55838,"name":"PPL Montana v. Montana","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2011\/10-218","view_count":0,"docket_number":"10-218","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"PPL Montana, LLC","second_party":"Montana","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1308546000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/40891"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1323237600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/40892"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1329890400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/40893"}],"lower_court":{"ID":47,"name":"Montana Supreme Court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/47"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2003, parents of Montana schoolchildren sued the owner of federally licensed hydroelectric dams on the Missouri, Madison and Clark Fork rivers within the state. The parents claimed that the owner, PPL, owed the state compensation because the riverbeds underlying its dams were part of Montana\u0027s \u0022school trust lands.\u0022 The State of Montana joined the suit in 2004, asserting that PPL also owed the state compensation pursuant to Montana\u0027s Hydroelectric Resources Act.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe federal district court eventually dismissed the action for lack of diversity, and PPL filed suit in state court. The state countersued, arguing that it obtained title to the relevant streambeds at the time of statehood pursuant to the \u0022equal footing doctrine.\u0022 The trial court dismissed PPL\u0027s affirmative defenses, held that the State obtained title to the riverbeds at issue because those rivers were navigable at the time of statehood and concluded that the state was entitled to retroactive lease payments under the HRA. Following a bench trial to determine damages, the court imposed approximately $40 million in back lease payments, as well as future lease payments imposed by the state.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the constitutional test for determining whether a section of a river is navigable for title purposes require a trial court to determine whether the relevant stretch of the river was navigable at the time of statehood?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. In a unanimous opinion written by Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, the Court held that the trial court must consider whether the relevant stretches of the Missouri, Madison, and Clark Fork rivers were navigable when the United States granted Missouri statehood, but it also determined that those stretches were not navigable at that time. While acknowledging that the equal footing doctrine grants a state title to navigable waters upon statehood, Justice Kennedy explained that navigability in fact is based on the \u0022natural and ordinary condition\u0022 of the water.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConsequently, Justice Kennedy held that the Montana Supreme Court erred in its treatment of the question of river segments and overland portage. He noted that the Court considers the navigability of rivers on a segment-by-segment basis, rejecting the Montana Supreme Court\u0027s ruling that this approach does not apply to short interruptions of navigability. He also pointed to the physical characteristics of some of the segments in question, noting that the Great Falls reach, a seventeen mile long stretch with distinct drops also included five waterfalls and continuous rapids in between. Justice Kennedy rejected the Montana Supreme Court\u0027s reliance on the evidence of present-day, primarily recreational use of the Madison River. Evidence that initial explorers successfully portaged between segments was also not persuasive.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":37772,"name":"Paul D. Clement","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/paul_d_clement","view_count":0,"last_name":"Clement","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"paul_d_clement"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/20322"},{"advocate":{"ID":22617,"name":"Edwin S. 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