{"ID":55965,"name":"Johnson v. Williams","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2012\/11-465","view_count":0,"docket_number":"11-465","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Deborah K. Johnson, Acting Warden of the Central California Women\u0027s Facility at Chowchilla","second_party":"Tara Sheneva Williams","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1326434400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/41255"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1349240400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/41256"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1361340000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/41257"}],"lower_court":{"ID":5,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/5"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1999, Tara Williams was charged with the 1993 robbery-murder of Hung Mun Kim. During jury deliberations at Williams\u0027 trial, the judge received a jury note saying that one of the jurors, juror number six, expressed an intention to disregard the law due to a concern about the severity of the charge of first-degree murder. After an inquiry and evidentiary hearing, the judge dismissed the juror for bias.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWilliams appealed, claiming that the trial court abused its discretion when it removed juror number six, because the removal of the \u0022lone holdout\u0022 juror violated Williams\u0027 Sixth Amendment right to a unanimous jury. The California Court of Appeals rejected her claim as meritless, and the California Supreme Court denied further direct appellate review.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWilliams filed a state habeas corpus petition in Los Angleles County Superior Court. The court denied the petition, ruling that the issues raised in the petition were issues for direct appeal, not collateral attack. Williams next filed a federal habeas corpus petition, in which she again challenged the removal of juror number six. The magistrate judge concluded that the trial court\u0027s factual finding of bias was entitled to deference and that the discharge of juror number six did not constitute a constitutional violation. The district court adopted the report of the magistrate judge and dismissed the petition with prejudice.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWilliams appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The appellate court reversed the district court, holding that the deferential-review standard did not apply because the California Court of Appeal had only reviewed her state claim and had not adjudicated her federal constitutional claim. The appellate court then conducted a review of Williams\u0027 federal claim and concluded that the Sixth Amendment does not allow a trial judge to discharge a juror on account of his views on the merits of the case. The State of California appealed to the appellate court\u0027s decision.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EIs a habeas petitioner\u0027s claim \u0022adjudicated on the merits\u0022 if the state court denied relief in an explained decision but did not expressly acknowledge the federal-law basis for the claim?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. Justice Samuel A. Alito Jr. delivered a unanimous opinion reversing the Ninth Circuit\u0027s judgment and remanding for further proceedings. The Court held that Williams\u0027 entire claim had been \u0022adjudicated on the merits,\u0022 even though the California court did not expressly address the federal law claim. To adjudicate a claim on its merits, a state court is only required to evaluate the evidence and arguments; it is not required to expressly address every single claim. When a defendant presents a federal claim to a state court and the state court denies relief, it must be presumed that the state court adjudicated the claim on its merits. It is up to the defendant to rebut this presumption in order to seek federal habeas relief. To rule otherwise would unreasonably burden the state courts and require them to spend time expressly addressing even the most insignificant claims.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":41075,"name":"Stephanie Brenan","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/stephanie_brenan","view_count":0,"last_name":"Brenan","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"stephanie_brenan"},"advocate_description":"Deputy Attorney General, for the petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/20623"},{"advocate":{"ID":33859,"name":"Kurt D. 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