{"ID":55906,"name":"Florida v. Jardines","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2012\/11-564","view_count":0,"docket_number":"11-564","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"State of Florida","second_party":"Joelis Jardines","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1325829600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/41081"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1351659600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/41082"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1364274000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/41083"}],"lower_court":{"ID":30,"name":"Florida Supreme Court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/30"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn November 3, 2006, the Miami-Dade Police Department received an unverified \u0022crime stoppers\u0022 tip that the home of Joelis Jardines was being used to grow marijuana. On December 6, 2006, two detectives, along with a trained drug detection dog, approached the residence. The dog handler accompanied the dog to the front door of the home. The dog signaled that it detected the scent of narcotics. The detective also personally smelled marijuana.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe detective prepared an affidavit and applied for a search warrant, which was issued. A search confirmed that marijuana was being grown inside the home. Jardines was arrested and charged with trafficking cannabis. Jardines moved to suppress the evidence seized at his home on the theory that the drug dog\u0027s sniff was an impermissible search under the Fourth Amendment and that all subsequent evidence was fruit of the poisonous tree.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe trial court conducted an evidentiary hearing and subsequently ruled to suppress the evidence. The state appealed the suppression ruling and the state appellate court reversed, concluding that no illegal search had occurred since the officer had the right to go up to the defendant\u0027s front door and that a warrant was not necessary for the drug dog\u0027s sniff. The Florida Supreme Court reversed the appellate court\u0027s decision and concluded that the dog\u0027s sniff was a substantial government intrusion into the sanctity of the home and constituted a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. The state of Florida appealed the Florida Supreme Court\u0027s decision.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EIs a dog sniff at the front door of a suspected grow house by a trained narcotics detection dog a Fourth Amendment search requiring probable cause?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. Justice Antonin Scalia delivered a 5-4 opinion affirming the Florida Supreme Court\u0027s decision. The Court held that the front porch of a home is part of the home itself for Fourth Amendment purposes. Typically, ordinary citizens are invited to enter onto the porch, either explicitly or implicitly, to communicate with the house\u0027s occupants. Police officers, however, cannot go beyond the scope of that invitation. Entering a person\u0027s porch for the purposes of conducting a search requires a broader license than the one commonly given to the general public. Without such a license, the police officers were conducting an unlawful search in violation of the Fourth Amendment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Elena Kagan wrote a concurring opinion in which she argued that the case dealt with privacy issues as well as the property issues the majority opinion addressed. People have a heightened expectation of privacy in their homes and the areas immediately surrounding their homes, and in this case, the police violated that expectation. Because the police officers used a device (a drug-sniffing dog) not in public use to learn details about the home, Justice Kagan argued that an illegal search had been conducted. Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Justice Sonia Sotomayor joined in the concurrence.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Samuel A. Alito dissented, arguing that the majority\u0027s interpretation of the public license to approach a person\u0027s front door is too narrow and should extend even to police officers collecting evidence against an occupant. The dissent argued that the common law of trespass does not limit the public license to a particular category of visitors approaching the door for a specific purpose. Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, and Justice Stephen G. Breyer joined in the dissent.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELearn more about the Roberts Court and the Fourth Amendment in \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/projects.oyez.org\/shifting-scales\/\u0022\u003EShifting Scales\u003C\/a\u003E, a nonpartisan Oyez resource.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":25346,"name":"Gregory G. Garre","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/gregory_g_garre","view_count":0,"last_name":"Garre","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"gregory_g_garre"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/20477"},{"advocate":{"ID":37291,"name":"Nicole A. 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