{"ID":55946,"name":"Descamps v. United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2012\/11-9540","view_count":0,"docket_number":"11-9540","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Matthew R. Descamps","second_party":"United States","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1346389200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/41199"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1357538400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/41200"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1371704400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/41201"}],"lower_court":{"ID":5,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/5"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn September 13, 2007, a jury found Matthew R. Descamps guilty of felony possession of a firearm and ammunition. Descamps already had five previous felony convictions. Under the Armed Career Criminal Act (\u0022ACCA\u0022), criminals with three prior convictions for violent felonies must receive a minimum sentence of 15 years for any subsequent felony conviction. The ACCA defines a violent felony as any crime involving threatened use of physical force\u2014or burglary\u2014and punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington concluded that Descamps\u0027 prior convictions of robbery, burglary, and felony harassment constituted three predicate violent felonies under the ACCA. Subsequently, the district court sentenced Descamps to 262 months in custody with 5 years of supervised release.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDescamps appealed his sentence to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, arguing that all prior convictions used to enhance a sentence under the ACCA must be charged in the indictment and submitted to a jury. A judge may only increase the sentence if the three prior convictions are proved beyond a reasonable doubt. The appellate court disagreed and affirmed the sentence.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid the United States properly plead and prove the defendant\u0027s prior violent felony convictions for application of an enhanced sentence under the Armed Career Criminal Act?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. Justice Elena Kagan delivered the opinion for the 8-1 majority. The Supreme Court held that Descamps\u0027 ACCA enhancement was improper because a felony burglary conviction under the California Penal Code is not a generic burglary conviction. To count for sentence enhancement under the ACCA, a prior burglary conviction must at least match a conviction using the traditional elements of the offense: \u0022breaking and entering a building.\u0022 The Court also held that the Ninth Circuit\u0027s examination of Descamps\u0027 burglary plea hearing transcript exceeded the purview of the Court of Appeals. The Supreme Court reiterated that sentencing courts may only consult outside documents to ascertain the basis of the defendant\u0027s conviction (\u0022modified categorical approach\u0022) when the statute defines elements in the alternative\u2014for example, \u0022breaking and entering a building [generic] or automobile [non-generic].\u0022 California\u0027s burglary statute does not require \u0022unlawful entry\u0022 as an element, or an alternative element, of the offense, so courts may not use the modified categorical approach. Allowing a sentencing court to determine, from the record, whether a defendant\u0027s prior conviction could have satisfied the traditional elements of the offense \u0022raises serious Sixth Amendment concerns,\u0022 Such as encouraging ill-advised guilty pleas.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Anthony M. Kennedy wrote a concurring opinion in which he agreed with the majority opinion\u0027s concern that defendants would enter guilty pleas or let certain facts go uncontested without considering the potential consequences under the ACCA. He also expressed concern over the burden the majority\u0027s opinion places on state legislatures to revise their statutes. In his opinion concurring in the judgment, Justice Clarence Thomas argued that the ACCA framework amounts to a judicial factfinding expedition that runs counter to what is allowed by previous precedent. However, because the majority opinion limited the circumstances under which courts may consult documents relating to the defendant\u0027s prior conviction, Thomas concurred in the judgment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Samuel Alito wrote a dissenting opinion in which he contended that the majority opinion artificially limits the reach of the ACCA and treats similar convictions differently based solely on the arbitrary wording of state statutes. To remedy this problem, he argued that sentencing courts should always be permitted to consult the record to determine whether the defendant\u0027s conviction matched the generic offense.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":21044,"name":"Dan B. 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