{"ID":55997,"name":"Air Wisconsin Airlines Corp. v. Hoeper","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2013\/12-315","view_count":0,"docket_number":"12-315","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Air Wisconsin Airlines Corporation","second_party":"William L. Hoeper","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1371445200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/41321"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1386568800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/41322"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1390802400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/41569"}],"lower_court":null,"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ESection 125 of the Aviation Transportation Safety Act (ATSA) states that an air carrier who voluntarily reports suspicious transactions or behavior shall not be \u0022civilly liable.\u0022 The immunity does not apply to disclosures made with \u0022actual knowledge\u0022 that the disclosure is false, inaccurate, or misleading. Likewise, the immunity does not extend to an air carrier that makes a disclosure with \u0022reckless disregard\u0022 as to its truth or falsity.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWilliam Hoeper, a pilot for Air Wisconsin, made four unsuccessful attempts to become certified to fly another type of aircraft after Air Wisconsin discontinued use of the type of plane that Hoeper had previously piloted. During his fourth and final opportunity to pass the test, Hoeper abruptly ended the test because he believed that the test administrators were deliberately sabotaging his efforts to pass. One test administrator knew that the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) had issued a firearm to Hoeper in his role as a federal flight deck officer (FFDO). FFDO pilots are not allowed to carry the firearm while traveling as passengers. This administrator booked Hoeper on a flight from the testing center in Virginia to Hoeper\u0027s home in Denver and then called the TSA to report that Hoeper was a disgruntled, and possibly armed, employee. In response, TSA officials arrested and searched Hoeper.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHoeper sued Air Wisconsin in a Colorado state court and alleged defamation under Virginia law. Air Wisconsin moved for a directed verdict based on the argument that it was immune from civil liability under ATSA. Air Wisconsin also argued that Hoeper could not prove \u0022actual malice\u0022 because its statements were \u0022substantially true\u0022 and therefore protected by the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment. The trial court denied the motion to dismiss. The jury found that Air Wisconsin\u0027s statements to the TSA were false and that it made at least one statement with reckless disregard for the truth, so the jury awarded Hoeper damages. A Colorado appellate court affirmed the verdict. The Colorado Supreme Court held that the trial court\u0027s submission of the matter to the jury was improper; however, the error was harmless in this case because Air Wisconsin was not entitled to claim immunity under ATSA. The Colorado Supreme Court further held that substantial evidence supported the jury\u0027s finding that the statements were false.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E1. Must a trial court decide whether the Aviation and Transportation Security Act grants immunity to a party before trial?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E2. Does the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment require a court to independently examine the record when reviewing a defamation case?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. Justice Sonia Sotomayor delivered the opinion for the 6-3 majority. The Court held that ATSA immunity protects false statements, as long as they are not materially false within the ATSA context, which means that they would not affect a reasonable security officer\u0027s perception of and response to a particular threat. Although Air Wisconsin\u0027s report to the TSA contained slight inaccuracies, they would not have influenced a TSA security officer\u0027s desire to investigate Hoeper, given the true facts that he was an FFDO and upset about losing his job. The Court further held that the Colorado Supreme Court erred in its analysis of material falsity and that Air Wisconsin was entitled to ATSA immunity as a matter of law.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Antonin Scalia wrote an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part in which he argued that, while he agreed with the majority opinion\u0027s ATSA immunity analysis, he would have remanded the case for further proceedings. He argued that the issue of material falsity was an important question for the jury and that a reasonable jury could find that Hoeper\u0027s conduct did not justify the making of any report to the TSA. Justice Clarence Thomas and Justice Elena Kagan joined in the opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":22289,"name":"Eric J. Feigin","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/eric_j_feigin","view_count":0,"last_name":"Feigin","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"eric_j_feigin"},"advocate_description":"Assistant to the Solicitor General, Department of Justice, for the United States, as amicus curiae, supporting the petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/20685"},{"advocate":{"ID":33970,"name":"Kevin K. 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