{"ID":56079,"name":"Brumfield v. Cain","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2014\/13-1433","view_count":0,"docket_number":"13-1433","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Kevan Brumfield","second_party":"Burl Cain","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1417759200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/41652"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1427691600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/41653"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1434603600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/52762"}],"lower_court":{"ID":10,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/10"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1995, Kevan Brumfield was convicted of the murder of a Louisiana police officer and sentenced to death. After the Supreme Court decided \u003Cem\u003E Atkins v. Virginia \u003C\/em\u003E in 2002, which held the execution of mentally retarded criminals violated the Eighth Amendment\u0027s prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment, Brumfield filed for post-conviction relief on the basis that he was mentally retarded. Brumfield also requested funds to help develop his \u003Cem\u003EAtkins\u003C\/em\u003E claim. The Louisiana state court found that Brumfield was not entitled to an \u003Cem\u003EAtkins\u003C\/em\u003E hearing because Brumfield did not present enough evidence to establish he was mentally impaired. The Louisiana Supreme Court denied his appeal without explanation.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBrumfield next filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal court and argued that the state courts had erred in failing to give him a full \u003Cem\u003EAtkins\u003C\/em\u003E hearing. He also requested funding to enable him to fully present his claims, which was granted. A federal magistrate found that, while the state court had correctly ruled that Brumfield\u0027s initial evidence regarding his mental retardation was not adequate for the court to have granted \u003Cem\u003EAtkins\u003C\/em\u003E relief, the additional funds enabled Brumfield to establish a prima facie case of mental retardation. The federal magistrate subsequently recommended that the district court admit Brumfield\u0027s new evidence when determining his habeas claim; the district court did so and ruled in favor of Brumfield by forbidding Louisiana from executing him. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reversed and held that the state court\u0027s ruling on Brumfield\u0027s \u003Cem\u003EAtkins\u003C\/em\u003E claim constituted a decision on the merits, so the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act prevented the district court from reviewing the decision unless the state court\u0027s decision was contrary to clearly established federal law or based on an unreasonable determination of the facts. Because the state denied Brumfield additional funds to develop his case due to his failure to establish a prima facie case of mental retardation, the decision was not a violation of Brumfield\u0027s constitutional due process rights nor based on an unreasonable determination of the facts.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EIs a state court\u0027s denial of an \u003Cem\u003EAtkins\u003C\/em\u003E claim, when the defendant has not had the opportunity or funds to develop the claim, a decision based on an unreasonable determination of the facts?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. Justice Sonia Sotomayor delivered the opinion of the 5-4 majority. The Court held that the state trial court\u2019s decision that Brumfield did not present sufficient evidence of mental impairment was an unreasonable determination of the facts, and therefore the federal district court could review the state court\u2019s decision. The state court\u2019s decision rested on its determination that Brumfield\u2019s IQ score was not low enough to prove that he had subaverage intelligence and that Brumfield did not show that his adaptive skills were impaired. However, an IQ test has a margin of error that, if applied to the score in this case, would place Brumfield in the category of subaverage intelligence; therefore, the state court could not definitively preclude the possibility that Brumfield satisfied this criterion, and to hold otherwise was unreasonable. Additionally, the factual record presented to the state court provided sufficient evidence to question Brumfield\u2019s adaptive skills. Because Brumfield only needed to raise reasonable doubt regarding his intellectual capacity to be entitled to an evidentiary hearing, the state court\u2019s decision that Brumfield did not meet that low threshold was unreasonable.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Clarence Thomas wrote a dissenting opinion in which he argued that judicial precedent establishes that, as long as the factual record supports the state court\u2019s decision, a federal court cannot rule that decision unreasonable simply because it would have concluded differently. In this case, the record showed that Brumfield\u2019s IQ score was not low enough for him to be declared of subaverage intelligence and that he did not have impaired adaptive skills because he had a normal capacity to learn when given time for repetition. Because the factual record supported the state court\u2019s determination that Brumfield was not intellectually disabled based on the relevant state standards to prove intellectual disability, the determination was reasonable. Justice Thomas also wrote that Brumfield\u2019s claim could not succeed based on the argument that the state court\u2019s decision was contrary to clearly established federal law, which is a high standard that requires the habeas petitioner to show that the state court confronted a set of facts \u201cmaterially indistinguishable\u201d from a Supreme Court case and nonetheless reached a different conclusion. In this case, Brumfield could not show that the Supreme Court had ever decided a case with facts materially indistinguishable from this one, and the state court\u2019s decision was in line with existing precedent; therefore the state court\u2019s decision was not contrary to clearly established federal law. Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr. and Justice Antonin Scalia joined in the dissent. Justice Samuel A. Alito, Jr. also joined Justice Thomas\u2019 dissent in part and wrote separately to note that Justice Thomas\u2019 inclusion of the life story of the victim\u2019s son in his dissent should not be considered a part of the legal analysis.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":56158,"name":"Michael B. 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