{"ID":56126,"name":"Wellness International Network v. Sharif","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2014\/13-935","view_count":0,"docket_number":"13-935","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Wellness International Network, Ltd., et al.","second_party":"Richard Sharif","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1404190800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/41722"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1421215200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/41723"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1432616400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/51662"}],"lower_court":{"ID":12,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/12"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ERichard Sharif and others entered into distributorship contracts with Wellness International Network (WIN) for the sale of health and wellness products. Sharif and others later sued WIN and claimed that WIN was running a pyramid scheme. The district court granted summary judgment for WIN and awarded $655,596.13 in attorney\u0027s fees as a sanction against Sharif and his co-plaintiffs for ignoring some of WIN\u0027s discovery requests. WIN attempted to discover Sharif\u0027s assets, but Sharif ignored all attempts until he was held in civil contempt for discovery violations and arrested. In 2009, Sharif filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. WIN filed an adversary proceeding in bankruptcy court and claimed that Sharif had continuously concealed property and information pertaining to his assets. The bankruptcy court found in favor of WIN and ordered Sharif to pay WIN\u0027s attorney\u0027s fees along with other sanctions.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESharif appealed to federal district court, but before he filed his first brief, the U.S. Supreme Court decided \u003Cem\u003EStern v. Marshall\u003C\/em\u003E, which held that a bankruptcy court lacked the authority to enter a final judgment on a state-law counterclaim against a creditor. Sharif subsequently attempted to advance an argument based on \u003Cem\u003EStern\u003C\/em\u003E, but the district court did not allow it. Instead, the district court held that such an objection can be waived and that Sharif\u0027s failure to bring up to argument earlier constituted an implied waiver. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit affirmed in part and vacated in part. The Court of Appeals held that an objection based on \u003Cem\u003EStern\u003C\/em\u003E cannot be waived and that the bankruptcy court only had the authority to enter a final judgment on some of WIN\u0027s claims.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E(1) Does the presence of a subsidiary state law issue to determine whether property in a debtor\u0027s possession is part of the bankruptcy estate mean that the issue does not stem from the bankruptcy itself and therefore that the bankruptcy court does not have jurisdiction to issue a final ruling?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E(2) Can bankruptcy courts exercise the judicial power of the United States by litigant consent, and if so, can that consent be implied?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo, and Yes. Justice Sonia Sotomayor delivered the opinion for the 6-3 majority. The Court held that, as long as the parties knowingly and voluntarily consent, Article III of the Constitution allows bankruptcy courts (which Congress created pursuant to Article I) to adjudicate claims that would normally be heard by an Article III court. Because Congress created the bankruptcy courts for a limited purpose and gave them limited power subject to the control of the judiciary, there is no separation of powers problem with the bankruptcy courts exercising the powers Congress delegated to them, which include the ability to adjudicate non-bankruptcy claims when the parties consent. The Court also held that judicial history regarding the right to an Article III judge clearly states that the right can be waived; therefore a bankruptcy judge can adjudicate the type of state law claim at issue in this case as long as Article III courts retain supervision. Additionally, nothing in the Constitution requires that the waiver of the right to an Article III judge be express. As long as the litigant is aware of the right to an Article III judge, voluntarily trying the case before a non-Article III judge constitutes a waiver.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part, Justice Samuel A. Alito, Jr. wrote that the majority opinion did not need to decide the issue of whether consent to non-Article III adjudication may be implied by actions.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr. wrote a dissent in which he argued that the majority opinion should have decided this case solely based on the fact that a bankruptcy court has the authority to adjudicate the state law claims at issue here because they deal with determining what assets constitute the bankruptcy estate, which is the necessary starting point of any bankruptcy case. Chief Justice Roberts also argued that a litigant cannot consent to adjudication outside of what Article III allows because to do so would violate the constitutional separation of powers. Despite the practicality of allowing more issues to be adjudicated outside of Article III courts, the constitutional protections of the power of the judiciary must be respected. Justice Antonin Scalia and Justice Clarence Thomas joined in the dissent. In his separate dissent, Justice Thomas wrote that, while an individual can waive constitutional rights, an individual cannot consent to violations of the Constitution. Therefore, an individual can waive the right to have a claim heard before an Article III court only if the claim in question is within the jurisdiction of a non-Article III court. Because the state law claims in this case do not fall within the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court, an individual cannot consent to have them adjudicated outside of an Article III court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":56125,"name":"Catherine Steege","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/catherine_steege","view_count":0,"last_name":"Steege","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"catherine_steege"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/20871"},{"advocate":{"ID":19038,"name":"Curtis E. 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