{"ID":62866,"name":"Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2017\/16-111","view_count":0,"docket_number":"16-111","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd.; and Jack C. Phillips","second_party":"Colorado Civil Rights Commission; Charlie Craig; and David Mullins","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1498453200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54086"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1512453600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54132"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1528088400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54281"}],"lower_court":{"ID":76,"name":"State appellate court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/courts\/state_appellate_court"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn July 2012, Charlie Craig and David Mullins went to Masterpiece Cakeshop in Lakewood, CO, and requested that its owner, Jack C. Phillips, design and create a cake for their wedding. Phillips declined to do so on the grounds that he does not create wedding cakes for same-sex weddings because of his religious beliefs. Phillips believes that decorating cakes is a form of art through which he can honor God and that it would displease God to create cakes for same-sex marriages.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECraig and Mullins filed charges of discrimination with the Colorado Civil Rights Division, alleging discrimination based on sexual orientation under the Colorado Anti-Discrimination Act (CADA), \u00a7\u00a7 24-34-301 to -804, C.R.S. 2014. After the Division issued a notice of determination finding probable cause, Craig and Mullins filed a formal complaint with the Office of Administrative Courts alleging that Masterpiece discriminated against them in a place of public accommodation in violation of CADA.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Administrative Law Judge issued a written order finding in favor of Craig and Mullins, which was affirmed by the Colorado Civil Rights Commission. On appeal, the Colorado Court of Appeals subsequently affirmed the Commission\u0027s ruling.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the application of Colorado\u0027s public accommodations law to compel a cake maker to design and make a cake that violates his sincerely held religious beliefs about same-sex marriage violate the Free Speech or Free Exercise Clauses of the First Amendment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Court reversed in a 7-2 decision, holding that the Colorado Civil Rights Commission\u0027s conduct in evaluating a cake shop owner\u0027s reasons for declining to make a wedding cake for a same-sex couple violated the Free Exercise Clause.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Court explained that while gay persons and same-sex couples are afforded civil rights protections under the laws and the Constitution, religious and philosophical objections to same-sex marriage are protected views and can also be protected forms of expression. The Colorado law at issue in this case, which prohibited discrimination against gay people in purchasing products and services, had to be applied in a neutral manner with regard to religion. The majority acknowledged that from Phillips\u0027 perspective, creating cakes was a form of artistic expression and a component of his sincere religious beliefs.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Court also explained that in 2012, the year that Phillips refused his services to Craig and Mullins, the law in Colorado and across the country with regard to same sex marriage was much more unsettled than it became after \u003Cem\u003EUnited States v. Windsor\u003C\/em\u003E, 570 US 744 (2013) and \u003Cem\u003EObergefell v. Hodges\u003C\/em\u003E, 576 US ___ (2015). At the time, the State Civil Rights Division had also concluded in at least three other cases that bakers had acted lawfully in declining to make cakes that included messages they disagreed with, specifically messages demeaning gay persons. Thus it was not unreasonable for Phillips to believe that he was acting lawfully at the time, and his claims before the Commission were entitled to neutral treatment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, the Court stated that Phillips did not receive this neutral treatment, with members of the Commission showing clear and impermissible hostility toward his religious beliefs. The Court explained that commissioners\u0027 comments disparaging Phillips\u0027 beliefs and characterizing them as rhetorical were inappropriate, though these comments were not mentioned or disavowed in subsequent legal proceedings. The Court concluded that these comments cast doubt on the fairness of the Commission\u0027s consideration of Phillips\u0027 claims. The Court also pointed out that disparities between Phillips\u0027 case and those of other bakers with objections to making cakes with anti-gay messages, and who were victorious before the Commission, further reflected hostility toward the religious basis for Phillips\u0027 position.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Court concluded that the Commission\u0027s actions violated the State\u0027s duty under the First Amendment not to use hostility toward religion or a religious viewpoint as a basis for laws or regulations. Under the facts of this case, the Court determined that Phillips\u0027 religious justification for his refusal to serve Craig and Mullins was not afforded the neutral treatment mandated by the Free Exercise Clause.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Ginsburg authored a dissenting opinion, in which she was joined by Justice Sotomayor, stating that neither the Commission\u0027s comments regarding Phillips\u0027 religious views nor its alleged disparate treatment of bakers objecting to making cakes with anti-gay messages justified ruling in favor of Phillips.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Kagan filed a concurring opinion, joined by Justice Breyer, in which she agreed with the majority that the Commission had not given neutral treatment to Phillips\u0027 religious views, but declined to assign any significance to the Commission\u0027s treatment of bakers who refused to create cakes with anti-gay messages because she believed that this did not violate the Colorado law at issue in Phillips\u0027 case.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Gorsuch also filed a concurring opinion, joined by Justice Alito, in which he argued that the cases of Phillips and the bakers who objected to using anti-gay messages in their baking were quite similar, and the Commission acted inappropriately in treating them differently.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Thomas filed an opinion concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, and was joined by Justice Gorsuch. Thomas argued that an order requiring Phillips to bake a wedding cake for a same-sex couple would violate his First Amendment rights.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":62928,"name":"Kristen Kellie Waggoner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/kristen_kellie_waggoner","view_count":0,"last_name":"Waggoner","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"kristen_kellie_waggoner"},"advocate_description":"for petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/22299"},{"advocate":{"ID":37093,"name":"Noel J. 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