{"ID":62949,"name":"South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2017\/17-494","view_count":0,"docket_number":"17-494","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"South Dakota","second_party":"Wayfair, Inc., et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1515736800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54197"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1523941200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54229"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1529557200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54304"}],"lower_court":{"ID":63,"name":"South Dakota Supreme Court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/63"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EThe so-called Dormant Commerce Clause of the US Constitution prohibits states from imposing excessive burdens on interstate commerce without congressional approval. Consistent with this doctrine, the US Supreme Court held, in 1967, that a state cannot require an out-of-state seller with no physical presence within that state to collect and remit taxes for goods sold or shipped into the state. The Court affirmed this holding in 1992. In 2015, the Court heard another case with similar facts and while it declined to change its jurisprudence, Justice Kennedy wrote a separate concurrence questioning whether the Court should continue following the earlier cases in light of additional dormant Commerce Clause cases as well as the significant technological and social changes that affect interstate commerce.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn an apparent appeal to the doubt expressed by Justice Kennedy in that concurring opinion, the South Dakota Legislature passed a law requiring sellers of \u201ctangible personal property\u201d in that state who do not have a physical presence in the state to remit sales tax according to the same procedures as sellers who do have a physical presence. The act limited the obligation to sellers with gross revenue from sales in South Dakota of over $100,000, or 200 or more separate transactions, within one year. The legislature passed the law in defiance of Supreme Court jurisprudence, citing its inability to maintain state revenue in the face of increasing internet sales and their effect on sales tax collections.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe State commenced a declaratory judgment action in state court seeking a declaration that certain internet sellers subject to the law must comply with it. The sellers moved for summary judgment based on the binding Supreme Court cases. The court granted the motion for summary judgment and enjoined the State from enforcing the law. The State appealed to the state supreme court, and likewise bound by Supreme Court precedent, that court affirmed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EShould the Court abrogate its holding in \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/1991\/91-194\u0022\u003EQuill Corp. v. North Dakota\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/em\u003E that the dormant Commerce Clause prohibits states from requiring sellers with no physical presence in the state to collect and remit sales tax for goods sold within the state?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EThe physical-presence rule of\u003Cem\u003E Quill Corp. v. North Dakota\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003ENational Bellas Hess, Inc. v. Department of Revenue of Illinois\u003C\/em\u003E is unsound and incorrect, so both of those cases are overruled. In a 5-4 decision authored by Justice Anthony Kennedy, the Court held that sellers who engage in a significant quantity of business within a state may be required to collect and remit taxes, despite not having a physical presence in the state. First, the Court reasoned that the physical presence rule of \u003Cem\u003EQuill\u003C\/em\u003E is not a necessary interpretation of the requirement that a state tax must be \u0022applied to an activity with a substantial nexus with the taxing state.\u0022 Physical presence is an outdated proxy for \u0022substantial nexus,\u0022 and the Court\u0027s due process doctrine provides other methods of establishing whether a seller has a substantial nexus to the state. Then, it found the rule in \u003Cem\u003EQuill\u003C\/em\u003E creates, rather than resolves, market distortions. It puts businesses with physical presence at a competitive disadvantage relative to remote sellers. Finally, the Court explained by example how the rule in \u003Cem\u003EQuill\u003C\/em\u003E as imposes \u0022the sort of arbitrary, formalistic distinction that the Court\u0027s modern Commerce Clause precedents disavow.\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Clarence Thomas filed a concurring opinion clarifying that he \u0022should have joined\u0022 Justice White\u0027s dissenting opinion in \u003Cem\u003EQuill\u003C\/em\u003E and to criticize the Court\u0027s \u0022entire negative Commerce Clause jurisprudence.\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Neil Gorsuch filed a concurring opinion to criticize the dormant Commerce Clause, as well.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChief Justice John Roberts filed a dissenting opinion, in which Justices Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan joined. The dissent would find that \u0022the internet\u0027s prevalence and power have changed the dynamics of the national economy\u0022 is a rationale not for discarding the physical-presence rule, but for upholding it. In the dissent\u0027s view, \u0022any alteration to those rules with the potential to disrupt such a critical segment of the economy should be undertaken by Congress.\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":62972,"name":"Marty J. Jackley","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/marty_j_jackley","view_count":0,"last_name":"Jackley","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"marty_j_jackley"},"advocate_description":"for petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/22438"},{"advocate":{"ID":36722,"name":"Malcolm L. 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