{"ID":62954,"name":"Trump v. Hawaii","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2017\/17-965","view_count":0,"docket_number":"17-965","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al.","second_party":"Hawaii, et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1516341600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54200"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1524632400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54239"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1529989200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54327"}],"lower_court":{"ID":5,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/5"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn January 27, 2017, President Donald Trump signed Executive Order No. 13,769 (EO-1), which, among other things, suspended entry for 90 days of foreign nationals from seven countries identified by Congress or the Executive as presenting heightened terrorism-related risks. EO-1 was immediately challenged in federal district court, and the judge entered a nationwide temporary restraining order enjoining enforcement of several of its provisions. A panel of the Ninth Circuit denied the government\u0027s emergency motion to stay the order pending appeal. Rather than continuing to litigate the matter, the government announced that it would revoke that order and issue a new one.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn March 6, 2017, President Trump issued Executive Order No. 13,780 (EO-2). Section 2(c) of EO-2 directed that entry of nationals from six of the seven countries designated in EO-1 be suspended for 90 days from the effective date of the order, citing a need for time to establish adequate standards to prevent infiltration by foreign terrorists. Section 6(a) directed that applications for refugee status and travel of refugees into the United States under the United States Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) be suspended for 120 days from the effective date \u0022to review the adequacy of USRAP application and adjudication procedures.\u0022 Section 6(b) suspended the entry of any individual under USRAP once 50,000 refugees have entered the United States in fiscal year 2017. The effective date of the order was March 16, 2017. EO-2 was subject to swift litigation as well.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn June 14, just before Section 2(c) of EO-2 was by its terms set to expire, President Trump issued a memorandum to Executive Branch officials declaring the effective date of each enjoined provision of EO\u20132 to be the date on which the injunctions in these cases \u201care lifted or stayed with respect to that provision.\u0022 The government sought review in both cases, making arguments both on the merits of the cases and on procedural issues.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a per curiam opinion issued simultaneously with an order granting certiorari, the Court granted the government\u0027s applications for a stay of the preliminary injunction with respect to Sections 6(a) and (b) of Executive Order 13,780 (EO-2), thereby allowing enforcement of those provisions. Under the Court\u0027s ruling, the government may enforce Section 6(a) except as to any \u0022individual seeking admission as a refugee who can credibly claim a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States,\u0022 nor may such an individual be excluded under Section 6(b).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn September 24, 2017\u2014the same day EO-2 was expiring\u2014President Donald Trump issued a Proclamation restricting travel to the United States by citizens from eight countries. That Proclamation too was challenged in federal court as attempting to exercise power that neither Congress nor the Constitution vested in the president. The Ninth Circuit struck down the Proclamation, and the Supreme Court granted review.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Col\u003E\u003Cli\u003EAre the plaintiffs\u2019 claims challenging the president\u2019s authority to issue the Proclamation reviewable (\u201cjusticiable\u201d) in federal court?\u00a0\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EDoes the president have the statutory authority to issue the Proclamation?\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EIs the global injunction barring enforcement of parts of the Proclamation impermissibly overbroad?\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EDoes the Proclamation violate the Establishment Clause of the Constitution?\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ol\u003E","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Court assumed without deciding that the plaintiffs\u0027 claims are justiciable and held that the Proclamation does not violate the president\u0027s statutory authority or the Establishment Clause. The Court did not resolve the question whether the district court\u0027s global injunction is impermissibly overbroad. Chief Justice John Roberts authored the opinion for the 5\u20134 majority. The majority first considered Hawaii\u0027s argument that\u00a0the September 2017 order exceeds the president\u2019s authority under federal immigration laws. Under Section 1182(f) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), the president has \u0022broad discretion\u0022 to suspend the entry of non-citizens into the United States. The Proclamation was the result of a \u201cworldwide, multi-agency review\u201d that determined that entry by certain non-citizens would be detrimental to the interests of the United States. Thus, the Proclamation does not exceed any statutory power of the president.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENor does the Proclamation violate another statute,\u00a0Section 1152(a)(1)(A), which bars discrimination based on nationality in the issuance of visas. While that section prohibits discrimination, it does not limit the president\u0027s\u00a0authority to block the entry of nationals of some countries, just as several other presidents have done before President Trump.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFinally, the majority considered the plaintiffs\u0027 Establishment Clause claim. On its face, the majority found the Proclamation did not favor or disfavor any particular religion. But even looking behind the face of the Proclamation, the majority found that the facts that many majority-Muslim countries were not subject to restrictions and that some non-majority-Muslim countries were subject to the restrictions supported the government\u0027s contention that the Proclamation was not based on anti-Muslim animus and was instead based on \u0022a sufficient national security justification.\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Anthony Kennedy joined the majority and authored a separate concurring opinion emphasizing that any subsequent proceedings must afford deference to the executive, as the majority opinion states, and also urging government officials to act and speak in accordance with the Constitution even when their actions and speech are not subject to judicial review or intervention.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Clarence Thomas also joined the majority and authored a separate concurring opinion largely to express concern over the trend of federal district courts to issue \u0022global\u0022 or \u0022nationwide\u0022 injunctions and to call upon the Court to address that trend, which Justice Thomas believes oversteps the authority of those courts absent legislation granting them such authority.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Stephen Breyer filed a dissenting opinion, which Justice Kagan joined, in which he questioned whether the government is actually applying the exemption and waiver programs as it purports to do, citing evidence that it may not be doing so. In light of this evidence, Justice Breyer would remand the case\u00a0 to the district court and would keep the order on hold until that issue is resolved.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Sonia Sotomayor filed a dissenting opinion, in which Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg joined. Justice Sotomayor criticized the majority for \u0022ignoring the facts, misconstruing our legal precedent, and turning a blind eye to the pain and suffering the Proclamation inflicts upon countless families and individuals, many of whom are United States citizens.\u0022 Focusing on the plaintiffs\u0027 Establishment Clause claims, Justice Sotomayor opined that the Court incorrectly chose to apply the rational basis standard of scrutiny, despite prior cases indicating a higher level of scrutiny was required in such cases, and she would find that even under the rational basis test, the Proclamation should fail because in the president\u0027s own terms it was originally and continues to be \u0022total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States.\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":37093,"name":"Noel J. Francisco","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/noel_j_francisco","view_count":0,"last_name":"Francisco","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"noel_j_francisco"},"advocate_description":"Solicitor General, Department of Justice, for petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/22513"},{"advocate":{"ID":37171,"name":"Neal Kumar Katyal","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/neal_kumar_katyal","view_count":0,"last_name":"Katyal","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"neal_kumar_katyal"},"advocate_description":"for respondents","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/22514"}],"oral_argument_audio":[{"id":24562,"title":"Oral Argument - April 25, 2018","public_note":null,"unavailable":false,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/24562"}],"citation":{"volume":"585","page":null,"year":"2018","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_citation\/case_citation\/27577"},"decisions":[{"description":"The President\u0027s Proclamation No. 9645 is a lawful exercise of the president\u0027s statutory authority and does not violate the Establishment Clause.","votes":[{"member":{"ID":15086,"name":"John G. 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