{"ID":63004,"name":"Timbs v. Indiana","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2018\/17-1091","view_count":0,"docket_number":"17-1091","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Tyson Timbs","second_party":"Indiana","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1529298000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54301"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1543384800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54380"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1550642400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54460"}],"lower_court":{"ID":35,"name":"Supreme Court of Indiana","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/35"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ETyson Timbs purchased a Land Rover for approximately $42,000 in January 2013 using the proceeds from his father\u2019s life insurance policy. During the following four months, Timbs used the vehicle for multiple trips within Indiana to transport heroin. After a series of controlled purchases involving a confidential informant, Timbs was arrested at a traffic stop. At the time of his arrest in May, the Land Rover had approximately 15,000 more miles on it than when he purchased it in January.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe state charged Timbs with two charges of felony dealing and one charge of conspiracy to commit theft. He later pleaded guilty to one charge of felony dealing and one charge of conspiracy to commit theft in exchange for the state dismissing the remaining charge. After accepting the plea, the trial court sentenced Timbs to six years, five of which were to be suspended. Timbs also agreed to pay fees and costs totaling approximately $1200.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn addition, the state sought to forfeit Timbs\u2019 Land Rover. The trial court denied the state\u2019s action, ruling that the forfeiture would be an excessive fine under the Eighth Amendment, characterizing it as grossly disproportional to the seriousness of the offense. The court also noted that the maximum statutory fine for Timbs\u2019 felony dealing charge was $10,000, and the vehicle was worth roughly four times that amount when Timbs purchased it. The trial court ordered the state to release the vehicle immediately. The court of appeals affirmed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Indiana Supreme Court reversed, concluding that the U.S. Supreme Court had never clearly incorporated the Eighth Amendment against the states under the Fourteenth Amendment. The court also ruled that the state had proven its entitlement to forfeit the Land Rover under state law.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EHas the Eighth Amendment\u2019s excessive fines clause been incorporated against the states under the Fourteenth Amendment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Eighth Amendment\u2019s Excessive Fines Clause is an incorporated protection applicable to the states. In an opinion authored by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the Court found that the Excessive Fines Clause finds its origins in the Magna Carta, the historic English Bill of Rights, and state constitutions from the colonial era to the present day. As such, it is \u201cfundamental to our scheme of ordered liberty\u201d and \u201cdeeply rooted in this Nation\u2019s history and tradition.\u201d As such, the Fourteenth Amendment\u2019s Due Process Clause incorporates the Clause against\u2014that is, applies to\u2014the states with equal force as against the federal government.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Neil Gorsuch filed a concurring opinion to acknowledge that, in his opinion, the appropriate vehicle for incorporation is the Fourteenth Amendment\u2019s Privileges or Immunities Clause, rather than its Due Process Clause.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Clarence Thomas filed an opinion concurring in the judgment but expressly disagreeing with the majority\u2019s use of the Fourteenth Amendment\u2019s Due Process Clause to incorporate, instead finding that the Clause must be incorporated by the Privileges or Immunities Clause.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":63061,"name":"Wesley P. 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