{"ID":63086,"name":"Mitchell v. Wisconsin","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2018\/18-6210","view_count":0,"docket_number":"18-6210","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Gerald P. Mitchell","second_party":"State of Wisconsin","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1547186400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54428"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1555995600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54494"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1561611600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54563"}],"lower_court":{"ID":72,"name":"Wisconsin Supreme Court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/72"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn May 2013, Gerald P. Mitchell was arrested for operating a vehicle while intoxicated. He became lethargic on the way to the police station, so the arresting officers took him to a hospital instead. An officer read him a statutorily mandated form regarding the state implied consent law, but Mitchell was too incapacitated to indicate his understanding or consent and then fell unconscious. Without a warrant, at the request of the police, hospital workers drew Mitchell\u2019s blood, which revealed his blood alcohol concentration to be .222.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMitchell was charged with operating while intoxicated and with a prohibited alcohol concentration. He moved to suppress the results of the blood test on the ground that his blood was taken without a warrant and in the absence of any exceptions to the warrant requirement. The state argued that under the implied-consent statute, police did not need a warrant to draw his blood. Many states, including Wisconsin, have implied consent laws, which provide that by driving a vehicle, motorists consent to submit to chemical tests of breath, blood, or urine to determine alcohol or drug content. The trial court sided with the state and allowed the results of the blood test into evidence. Mitchell was convicted on both counts.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMitchell appealed his conviction, and the court of appeals certified the case to the Supreme Court of Wisconsin with respect to the issue \u201cwhether the warrantless blood draw of an unconscious motorist pursuant to Wisconsin\u2019s implied consent law...violates the Fourth Amendment.\u201d The Supreme Court of Wisconsin accepted the certification and upheld the search 5\u20132, but without any majority for the rationale for upholding it.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes a statute that authorizes a blood draw from an unconscious motorist provide an exception to the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EA four-justice plurality of the Court concluded that when a driver is unconscious and cannot be given a breath test, the exigent-circumstances doctrine generally permits a blood test without a warrant. Justice Samuel Alito announced the judgment of the Court and delivered a plurality opinion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWriting for himself, Chief Justice John Roberts, and Justices Stephen Breyer and Brett Kavanaugh, Justice Alito noted that blood alcohol concentration (BAC) tests are searches subject to the Fourth Amendment. As such, a warrant is generally required before police may conduct a BAC test, unless an exception applies. The \u201cexigent circumstances\u201d exception allows the government to conduct a search without a warrant \u201cto prevent the imminent destruction of evidence.\u201d The Court has previously held that the fleeting nature of blood-alcohol evidence alone does not automatically qualify BAC tests for the exigent circumstances exception, but additional factors may bring it within the exception. For example, in \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/1965\/658\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003ESchmerber v. California\u003C\/em\u003E, 384 U.S. 757 (1966)\u003C\/a\u003E, the Court held that \u201cthe dissipation of BAC did justify a blood test of a drunk driver whose accident gave police other pressing duties, for then the further delay caused by a warrant application would indeed have threatened the destruction of evidence.\u201d Similarly, a situation involving an unconscious driver gives rise to exigency because officials cannot conduct a breath test and must instead perform a blood test to determine BAC.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnder the exigent circumstances exception, a warrantless search is allowed when \u201cthere is compelling need for official action and no time to secure a warrant.\u201d The plurality pointed to three reasons such a \u201ccompelling need\u201d exists: highway safety is a \u201cvital public interest,\u201d legal limits on BAC serve that interest, and enforcement of BAC limits requires a test accurate enough to stand up in court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe plurality suggested that on remand, Mitchell can attempt to show that his was an unusual case that fell outside the exigent circumstances exception (perhaps because police conceded that they had time to get a warrant to draw his blood).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Clarence Thomas concurred in the judgment but would have applied a per se rule under which \u201cthe natural metabolization of alcohol in the blood stream creates an exigency once police have probable cause to believe the driver is drunk, regardless of whether the driver is conscious.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Sonia Sotomayor filed a dissenting opinion, in which Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Elena Kagan joined. The dissent argued that the plurality \u201cneedlessly casts aside the established protections of the warrant requirement in favor of a brand new presumption of exigent circumstances.\u201d Established precedent should determine the outcome in this case: unless there is too little time to do so, police officers must get a warrant before ordering a blood draw. The dissent also argued that the state statute \u201ccannot create actual and informed consent that the Fourth Amendment requires.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":63129,"name":"Andrew R. Hinkel","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/andrew_r_hinkel","view_count":0,"last_name":"Hinkel","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"andrew_r_hinkel"},"advocate_description":"for the Petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/22714"},{"advocate":{"ID":63130,"name":"Hannah S. 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