{"ID":63161,"name":"Hernandez v. Mesa","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2019\/17-1678","view_count":0,"docket_number":"17-1678","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Jesus C. Hern\u00e1ndez, et al.","second_party":"Jesus Mesa, Jr.","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1559019600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54575"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1573538400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54602"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1582610400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54660"}],"lower_court":{"ID":10,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/10"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ESergio Adri\u00e1n Hern\u00e1ndez G\u00fcereca, a 15-year-old Mexican national, was playing with friends in the cement culvert between El Paso, Texas, and Cuidad Juarez, Mexico. Border Patrol Agent Jesus Mesa, Jr. arrived on the scene and detained one of Hern\u00e1ndez\u2019s friends on U.S. territory. Hern\u00e1ndez ran into Mexican territory and stood by a pillar near the culvert. From U.S. territory, Mesa fired at least two shots across the border at Hern\u00e1ndez, one of which struck Hern\u00e1ndez in the face and killed him.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHern\u00e1ndez\u2019s parents filed a lawsuit against the officer and various other defendants alleging violation of their son\u2019s Fourth and Fifth Amendment rights. The district court granted the defendants\u2019 motion to dismiss, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed and part and reversed in part. The Fifth Circuit held that Hern\u00e1ndez lacked Fourth Amendment rights, but his parents were entitled to a remedy under \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/1970\/301\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents\u003C\/em\u003E, 403 U.S. 388 (1971)\u003C\/a\u003E (holding an implied cause of action against federal government officials who have violated the plaintiff\u2019s constitutional rights), and the officer was not entitled to qualified immunity. On rehearing en banc, the full Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court\u2019s dismissal of the parents\u2019 claims, holding that they had failed to state a claim for a violation of the Fourth Amendment and that the officer was entitled to qualified immunity because it was not \u201cclearly established\u201d that it was unconstitutional for an officer on U.S. soil to shoot a Mexican national on Mexican soil.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari in 2016 and reversed the en banc Fifth Circuit as to qualified immunity. The Court remanded the case so the lower court could determine whether the shooting violated Hern\u00e1ndez\u2019s Fourth Amendment rights and whether his parents could assert claims for damages under \u003Cem\u003EBivens\u003C\/em\u003E. On remand, the en banc Fifth Circuit once again affirmed the district court\u2019s dismissal of the complaint, holding that the excessive force claim was unlike any that had been decided previously and thus the plaintiffs were not entitled to any remedy under \u003Cem\u003EBivens\u003C\/em\u003E. In so holding, the Fifth Circuit applied the Supreme Court\u2019s decision in \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/2016\/15-1358\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003EZiglar v. Abbasi\u003C\/em\u003E, 582 U.S. __ (2017)\u003C\/a\u003E, in which the Court held that for a new type of claim to be cognizable under \u003Cem\u003EBivens\u003C\/em\u003E, there must be some special factor makes the judiciary better suited than the legislature to recognize such a claim.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EShould federal courts recognize a damages claim under \u003Cem\u003EBivens\u003C\/em\u003E if plaintiffs plausibly allege that a rogue federal law enforcement officer violated clearly established Fourth and Fifth Amendment rights for which there is no alternative legal remedy?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Court\u2019s decision in \u003Cem\u003EBivens\u003C\/em\u003E does not extend to claims based on a cross-border shooting by a federal law enforcement officer. Justice Samuel Alito delivered the opinion for a 5-4 majority.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBivens\u003C\/em\u003E recognized an implied cause of action against federal government officials who have violated the plaintiff\u2019s Fourth Amendment rights, and the Court has extended that holding to cover claims under the Fifth and Eighth Amendments as well. When considering whether to extend \u003Cem\u003EBivens\u003C\/em\u003E, a court must ask (1) whether the claim arises in a \u201cnew context\u201d or involves a \u201cnew category of defendants,\u201d and if so, then (2) whether there are \u201cspecial factors\u201d that weigh against extending \u003Cem\u003EBivens\u003C\/em\u003E to that type of claim.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn this case, the Court found the claims arise from a new and \u201csignificantly\u201d different context\u2014a cross-border shooting. As to the second part of the test, the Court also found \u201cmultiple\u201d separation-of-powers factors counseling hesitation before extending \u003Cem\u003EBivens\u003C\/em\u003E: (1) to extend \u003Cem\u003EBivens\u003C\/em\u003E to this context implicates foreign relations, which is beyond the reach of the Court, (2) the risk of undermining border security and the system of military discipline created by statute and regulation, and (3) Congress has \u201crepeatedly\u201d declined to recognize a damages award against federal officials who cause injury outside U.S. borders. For these reasons, the Court declined to recognize a \u003Cem\u003EBivens\u003C\/em\u003E cause of action for the injury in this case.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Clarence Thomas filed a concurring opinion, in which Justice Neil Gorsuch joined. Justice Thomas joined the majority in full but wrote separately to suggest that the Court discard \u003Cem\u003EBivens\u003C\/em\u003E and its progeny of cases.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Ruth Bader Ginsburg filed a dissenting opinion, in which Justices Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan joined. Justice Ginsburg argued that conduct by a \u201crogue\u201d federal officer is not a new context, but the very context contemplated in \u003Cem\u003EBivens\u003C\/em\u003E. Even if it were a new setting, Justice Ginsburg argued neither foreign policy nor national security would be endangered by recognizing a \u003Cem\u003EBivens\u003C\/em\u003E claim in this case, so no \u201cspecial factors\u201d counsel against recognizing the claim.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":62842,"name":"Stephen I. Vladeck","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/stephen_i_vladeck","view_count":0,"last_name":"Vladeck","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"stephen_i_vladeck"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/22773"},{"advocate":{"ID":62813,"name":"Randolph J. Ortega","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/randolph_j_ortega","view_count":0,"last_name":"Ortega","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"randolph_j_ortega"},"advocate_description":"for the respondent","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/22774"},{"advocate":{"ID":33557,"name":"Jeffrey B. 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