{"ID":63115,"name":"Kansas v. Glover","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2019\/18-556","view_count":0,"docket_number":"18-556","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"State of Kansas","second_party":"Charles Glover","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1554094800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54485"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1572847200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54595"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1586149200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54685"}],"lower_court":{"ID":37,"name":"Kansas Supreme Court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/37"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile on patrol, a Kansas police officer ran a registration check on a\u00a0pickup truck with a Kansas license plate. Upon running the check, the officer learned that the truck was registered to Charles Glover, Jr., and that his license had been revoked. Acting on suspicion that the owner was unlawfully operating the vehicle (based on the assumption that the registered owner of the truck was also the driver), the officer stopped the truck. The officer confirmed that Glover was the driver and issued him a citation for being a habitual violator of Kansas traffic laws.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGlover moved to suppress all evidence from the stop, arguing that the stop violated his Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable searches and seizures. According to Glover, the police officer lacked reasonable suspicion to pull him over. The state argued that a law enforcement officer may infer that the owner of a vehicle is the one driving the vehicle, absent information to the contrary, and the knowledge that the owner has a revoked license combined with that inference gives rise to reasonable suspicion to conduct an investigative stop.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe state trial court concluded that it is not reasonable for an officer to infer that the registered owner of a vehicle is also its driver and granted Glover\u2019s motion to suppress. The appellate court reversed, and the Kansas Supreme Court granted review. The supreme court reversed the lower court, holding that the inference impermissibly \u201cstacked\u201d assumptions and would relieve the state of its burden of showing reasonable suspicion for a stop.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EFor purposes of an investigative stop under the Fourth Amendment, is it reasonable for an officer to suspect that the registered owner of a vehicle is the one driving the vehicle absent any information to the contrary?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen a police officer lacks information to the contrary, it is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment for the officer to assume that the driver of a vehicle is its owner, and if the owner\u2019s license is revoked, to conduct an investigative stop of the vehicle. Justice Clarence Thomas wrote the opinion for the 8-1 majority. Under the Fourth Amendment, a police officer may make a \u201cbrief investigative traffic stop\u201d when he has \u201ca particularized and objective basis\u201d to suspect legal wrongdoing. Courts must permit officers to use common sense to make judgments and inferences about human behavior. In this case, the police officer\u2019s common-sense inference was that the vehicle\u2019s owner was most likely the driver, which provided sufficient suspicion to stop the vehicle. It does not matter that a vehicle\u2019s driver is not always its registered owner; the officer\u2019s judgment was based on common-sense judgment and experience. Thus he had reasonable suspicion, and the traffic stop did not violate the Fourth Amendment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Elena Kagan authored a concurring opinion, in which Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg joined, to point out that the license-revocation alert does not end the inquiry because, in a similar setting with slightly different facts, there might not be reasonable suspicion. Justice Kagan specifically described that most license suspensions (as opposed to revocations) do not relate to driving at all but are highly correlated with poverty.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Sonia Sotomayor authored a dissenting opinion, arguing that the Court\u2019s decision ignores \u201ckey foundations of our reasonable-suspicion jurisprudence and impermissibly and unnecessarily reduces the State\u2019s burden of proof.\u201d Justice Sotomayor disagreed with the majority\u2019s conclusion that seizing the vehicle was constitutional because drivers with revoked licenses in Kansas have demonstrated a disregard for the law, arguing that that conclusion \u201cflips the burden of proof.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":63167,"name":"Toby Crouse","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/toby_crouse","view_count":0,"last_name":"Crouse","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"toby_crouse"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/22756"},{"advocate":{"ID":62974,"name":"Michael R. 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