{"ID":63162,"name":"Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2019\/18-587","view_count":0,"docket_number":"18-587","additional_docket_numbers":["18-588","18-589"],"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Department of Homeland Security, et al.","second_party":"Regents of the University of California, et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1561698000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54576"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1573538400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54601"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1592456400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54732"}],"lower_court":{"ID":5,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/5"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2012, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) adopted a program\u2014known as the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)\u2014to postpone the deportation of undocumented immigrants who had been brought to the United States as children and to assign them work permits allowing them to obtain social security numbers, pay taxes, and become part of \u201cmainstream\u201d society in the United States.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2017, after the national election, when the Trump administration replaced the Obama administration, DHS began a phase-out of DACA. The parties do not dispute the authority of a new administration to replace old policies with new policies, but the plaintiffs in this and related challenges allege that the new administration terminated DACA based on a mistake of law rather than in compliance with the law. Specifically, the Trump administration terminated DACA based on a conclusion that the Obama administration had created DACA \u201cwithout proper statutory authority and with no established end-date\u201d and thus that it was an \u201cunconstitutional exercise of authority by the Executive Branch.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe plaintiffs in this case and the related cases challenged this conclusion of law, alleging that the recission of DACA violated the Administrative Procedure Act because it was arbitrary and capricious, and because it was a substantive rule that did not comply with the APA\u2019s notice-and-comment requirements. The challengers also alleged that the recission deprived DACA recipients of constitutionally protected liberty and property interests without due process of law and violated the Equal Protection Clause because it was motivated by discriminatory animus.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit rejected the government\u2019s motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, finding that the DACA recission was not \u201ccommitted to agency discretion by law\u201d and that there was \u201claw to apply.\u201d Further, the Ninth Circuit granted plaintiffs a preliminary injunction restoring DACA, finding that the plaintiffs were likely to win on the merits of their arguments, they would suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, the balance of equities tips in the plaintiffs\u2019 favor, and the injunction is in the public interest.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Col\u003E\u003Cli\u003EIs the Department of Homeland Security\u2019s decision to wind down the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) policy judicially reviewable?\u00a0\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EIs DHS\u2019s decision to wind down the DACA policy lawful?\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ol\u003E","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Department of Homeland Security\u2019s decision to wind down DACA is reviewable, and its decision was arbitrary and capricious, in violation of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). Chief Justice John Roberts authored the 5-4 majority opinion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs a threshold matter, the Court noted that the APA contains a rebuttable presumption that agency action is subject to judicial review. Because DACA was not merely a non-enforcement policy but affirmatively created a program for conferring immigration relief, it constitutes agency action subject to judicial review. Further, because the parties do not challenge any removal proceedings, the jurisdictional provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act do not apply.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnder the APA, an agency must supply \u201creasoned analysis\u201d for its actions. The rescission memorandum failed to consider the possibility of eliminating benefits eligibility while continuing forbearance, relying solely on the Attorney General\u2019s conclusion regarding the illegality of benefits. Moreover, the rescission memorandum failed to address whether there was \u201clegitimate reliance\u201d on the DACA Memorandum. While an agency does not need to consider all policy alternatives, it is required to assess \u201cimportant aspects\u201d of the problem before it. Given that deferred action was not only \u201cwithin the ambit\u201d of DACA, but its \u201ccenterpiece,\u201d the failure to consider these options rendered the decision arbitrary and capricious.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJoined by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, and Elena Kagan, The Chief Justice also opined that the respondents in this case failed to establish a plausible inference that the rescission was motivated by animus, in violation of the equal protection guarantee of the Fifth Amendment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Sonia Sotomayor filed an opinion concurring in part, concurring in the judgment in part, and dissenting in part. Though she joined the Chief Justice\u2019s opinion as to the reviewability of the rescission and the conclusion that it was arbitrary and capricious, Justice Sotomayor argued that it was premature to dismiss the respondents\u2019 equal protection claims and would thus remand the case to allow the respondents to develop those claims.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Clarence Thomas authored an opinion concurring in the judgment in part and dissenting in part, joined by Justices Samuel Alito and Neil Gorsuch. Justice Thomas argued that because the Obama administration\u2019s implementation of DACA was unlawful, DHS\u2019s decision to rescind the program is \u201cclearly reasonable\u201d and that the Court\u2019s decision allows administrations to \u201cunlawfully bind their successors by unlawfully adopting significant legal changes through Executive Branch agency memoranda\u201d that \u201ccannot be undone\u201d without \u201csufficient policy justifications to the satisfaction of this Court.\u201d Justice Thomas concurs in the judgment only as to the rejection of the equal protection claim.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Alito authored an opinion concurring in the judgment in part and dissenting in part, to reiterate his agreement with Justice Thomas\u2019s dissent and with Justice Brett Kavanaugh\u2019s separate dissent.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Kavanaugh authored an opinion concurring in the judgment in part and dissenting in part. Justice Kavanaugh argued that the Court should have focused not on the memorandum by DHS Secretary Duke, but the one by the subsequent DHS Secretary Nielsen, which the Court \u201cjettison[ed]\u201d as a post hoc justification. In Justice Kavanaugh\u2019s view, the Nielsen Memorandum reasonably explained the decision to rescind DACA and thus would pass muster as an explanation for the rescission.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":37093,"name":"Noel J. Francisco","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/noel_j_francisco","view_count":0,"last_name":"Francisco","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"noel_j_francisco"},"advocate_description":"Solicitor General, Department of Justice, for the petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/22770"},{"advocate":{"ID":43165,"name":"Theodore B. 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