{"ID":63312,"name":"Americans for Prosperity v. Bonta","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2020\/19-251","view_count":0,"docket_number":"19-251","additional_docket_numbers":["19-255"],"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Americans for Prosperity Foundation","second_party":"Rob Bonta, Attorney General of California","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1610085600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54821"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1619413200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54884"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1625115600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54936"}],"lower_court":{"ID":5,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/5"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EThe California Attorney General\u2019s office has a policy requiring charities to provide the state, on a confidential basis, information about their major donors, purportedly to help the state protect consumers from fraud and the misuse of their charitable contributions. Petitioner Americans for Prosperity (and the petitioner in the consolidated case, Thomas More Law Center) either failed to file or filed redacted lists of their major donors with the California Attorney General\u2019s office, despite filing complete lists with the federal Internal Revenue Service, as required by federal law.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn response to demands by the California Attorney General that they file the lists, the organizations filed a lawsuit alleging that the filing requirement unconstitutionally burdened their First Amendment right to free association by deterring individuals from financially supporting them. The organizations provided evidence that although the state is required to keep donor names private, the state\u2019s database was vulnerable to hacking, and many donor names were repeatedly released to the public. Based in part on this finding, the district court granted both organizations\u2019 motions for a preliminary injunction and then ultimately found for them after a trial, holding that the organizations and their donors were entitled to First Amendment protection under the principles established in the Supreme Court\u2019s decision in NAACP v. Alabama. In so holding, the court reasoned that the government\u2019s filing demands were not the \u201cleast restrictive means\u201d of obtaining the information and thus did not satisfy \u201cstrict scrutiny.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed, based on its conclusion that \u201cexacting scrutiny\u201d rather than \u201cstrict scrutiny\u201d was the appropriate standard, and \u201cexacting scrutiny\u201d requires that the government show that the disclosure and reporting requirements are justified by a compelling government interest and that the legislation is narrowly tailored to serve that interest.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Ninth Circuit denied the petition for a rehearing en banc.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the policy of the California attorney general\u2019s office requiring charities to disclose the names and addresses of their major donors violate the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ECalifornia\u2019s disclosure requirement is facially invalid because it burdens donors\u2019 First Amendment rights and is not narrowly tailored to an important government interest. Chief Justice John Roberts authored the opinion of the Court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECompelled disclosure of affiliation with groups engaged in advocacy is a type of restraint on freedom of association. Such a restraint is subject to \u201cexacting scrutiny,\u201d which requires \u201ca substantial relation between the disclosure requirement and a sufficiently important governmental interest.\u201d Though the government-mandated disclosure regime need not be the \u201cleast restrictive means\u201d of achieving the government\u2019s interest, it must be \u201cnarrowly tailored\u201d to achieve it.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECalifornia\u2019s disclosure requirement is \u201cdramatically mismatch[ed]\u201d to the state\u2019s interest in preventing charitable fraud and self-dealing, imposing an unjustifiable \u201cwidespread burden on donors\u2019 associational rights.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Clarence Thomas authored an opinion concurring in part and concurring in the judgment. Justice Thomas would apply strict scrutiny to the disclosure requirement, leading to the same conclusion that it is facially invalid. However, Justice Thomas took issue with the Court\u2019s opinion that the statute is unconstitutional in all applications.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Samuel Alito authored an opinion concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, in which Justice Neil Gorsuch joined. Justice Alito disagreed with the majority that precedents establish that exacting scrutiny applies in these types of cases. He noted that the outcome is the same under either level of scrutiny, so he would not decide what level of scrutiny applies.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Sonia Sotomayor authored a dissenting opinion, in which Justices Stephen Breyer and Elena Kagan joined. Justice Sotomayor argued that the majority accepts, without requiring the plaintiffs to show, an actual First Amendment burden. In effect, Justice Sotomayor argued, the majority allows regulated entities to avoid obligations \u201cby vaguely waving toward First Amendment \u2018privacy concerns.\u2019\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":63177,"name":"Derek L. Shaffer","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/derek_l_shaffer","view_count":0,"last_name":"Shaffer","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"derek_l_shaffer"},"advocate_description":"for the Petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/23036"},{"advocate":{"ID":62747,"name":"Elizabeth B. 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