{"ID":63228,"name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2020\/19-547","view_count":0,"docket_number":"19-547","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service, et al.","second_party":"Sierra Club, Inc.","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1583128800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54669"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1604296800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54778"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1614837600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54856"}],"lower_court":{"ID":5,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/5"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIndustrial facilities, power plants, and other manufacturing complexes use water from lakes, rivers, estuaries, and oceans to cool their facilities through cooling water intake structures. Because these structures potentially cause significant harm to aquatic life, Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act directs the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate their design and operation. In April 2011, the EPA proposed new regulations for cooling water intake structures. As part of the rule-making process and required by Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, in 2012, the EPA consulted with the Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service about the potential impacts of the regulations and produced a written biological opinion on the impacts of the proposed agency action.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Sierra Club made a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request for records generated during the EPA\u2019s rule-making process, including the documents generated as part of the consultation with the Services. The Services withheld some of the requested records, citing Exemption 5 of FOIA, which shields from disclosure documents subject to the \u201cdeliberative process privilege.\u201d The district court determined that 12 of the 16 requested records were not protected to the privilege and ordered disclosure. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the lower court\u2019s order to disclose some of the records but reversed as to two of the records.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes Exemption 5 of the Freedom of Information Act, by incorporating the deliberative process privilege, protect against compelled disclosure of a federal agency\u2019s draft documents that were prepared as part of a formal interagency consultation process under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and that concerned a proposed agency action that was later modified in the consultation process?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EThe deliberative process privilege protects from disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) an agency\u2019s in-house draft biological opinions that are both predecisional and deliberative, even if the drafts reflect the agencies\u2019 last views about a proposal. Justice Amy Coney Barrett authored the 7-2 majority opinion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe deliberative process privilege of Exemption 5 of FOIA protects from disclosure \u201cdocuments reflecting advisory opinions, recommendations and deliberations comprising part of a process by which governmental decisions and policies are formulated.\u201d The rationale behind the exemption is to encourage officials to communicate candidly with each other during the deliberative process. However, it does not apply to documents reflecting the final agency decision. Documents are \u201cpredecisional\u201d if they were generated before the agency\u2019s final decision on the matter and \u201cdeliberative\u201d if prepared to help the agency formulate its position.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe documents at issue in this case were drafts of biological opinions because \u201cmore work needed to be done.\u201d As such, they could not have been generated before the agency\u2019s final decision had been made. That the recommendations ultimately proved to be the last word does not affect their status as \u201cpredecisional.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Stephen Breyer authored a dissenting opinion, in which Justice Sonia Sotomayor joined. Justice Breyer argued that in the specific context of the rulemaking processes of the Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service, so-called Draft Biological Opinions reflect \u201cfinal\u201d decisions regarding the \u201cjeopardy\u201d the EPA\u2019s then-proposed actions would have caused, and as such, would normally fall outside, not within, Exemption 5.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":63110,"name":"Matthew Guarnieri","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/matthew_guarnieri","view_count":0,"last_name":"Guarnieri","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"matthew_guarnieri"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/22927"},{"advocate":{"ID":63286,"name":"Sanjay Narayan","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/sanjay_narayan","view_count":0,"last_name":"Narayan","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"sanjay_narayan"},"advocate_description":"for the respondent","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/22928"}],"oral_argument_audio":[{"id":25232,"title":"Oral Argument - November 02, 2020","public_note":null,"unavailable":false,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/25232"}],"citation":{"volume":"592","page":null,"year":"2021","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_citation\/case_citation\/27742"},"decisions":[{"description":"The deliberative process privilege protects from disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) an agency\u2019s in-house draft biological opinions that are both predecisional and deliberative, even if the drafts reflect the agencies\u2019 last views about a proposal.","votes":[{"member":{"ID":63282,"name":"Amy Coney Barrett","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/amy_coney_barrett","view_count":0,"last_name":"Barrett","roles":[{"id":3511,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":1603774800,"date_end":0,"appointing_president":"Donald J. 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