{"ID":63294,"name":"Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2020\/20-107","view_count":0,"docket_number":"20-107","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Cedar Point Nursery, et al.","second_party":"Victoria Hassid, et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1605247200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54790"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1616389200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54858"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1624424400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54922"}],"lower_court":{"ID":5,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/5"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1975, California enacted the Agricultural Labor Relations Act (\u201cALRA\u201d), which, among other things, created the Agricultural Labor Relations Board (\u201cthe Board\u201d). Shortly after Act went into effect and established the Board, the Board promulgated a regulation allowing union organizers access to agricultural employees at employer worksites under specific circumstances.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECedar Point Nursery, an Oregon corporation, operates a nursery in Dorris, California, that raises strawberry plants for producers. It employs approximately 100 full-time workers and more than 400 seasonal workers at that location. On October 29, 2015, organizers from the United Farm Workers union (\u0022the UFW\u0022) entered the nursery, without providing prior written notice of intent to take access as required by the regulation. The UFW allegedly disrupted the workers, and some workers left their work stations to join the protest, while a majority of workers did not.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESometime later, the UFW served Cedar Point with written notice of intent to take access. Cedar Point filed a charge against the UFW with the Board, alleging that the UFW had violated the access regulation by failing to provide the required written notice before taking access. The UFW likewise filed a countercharge, alleging that Cedar Point had committed an unfair labor practice.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECedar Point then sued the Board in federal district court alleging that the access regulation, as applied to them, amounted to a taking without compensation, in violation of the Fifth Amendment, and an illegal seizure, in violation of the Fourth Amendment. The district court granted the Board\u2019s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, and Cedar Point appealed. Reviewing the district court\u2019s order granting the motion to dismiss de novo, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit concluded that the access regulation does not violate either provision, and it affirmed the lower court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the California regulation granting labor organizations a \u201cright to take access\u201d to an agricultural employer\u2019s property to solicit support for unionization constitute a per se physical taking under the Fifth Amendment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EThe California regulation granting labor organizations a \u201cright to take access\u201d to an agricultural employer\u2019s property to solicit support for unionization constitutes a per se physical taking. Chief Justice John Roberts authored the 6-3 majority opinion of the Court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which applies to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment, prohibits the government from taking private property for public use \u201cwithout just compensation.\u201d There are two types of takings: physical appropriations of land and imposition of regulations that restrict the landowner\u2019s ability to use the land. Physical takings must be compensated. Use restrictions are evaluated using a flexible test developed in \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/1977\/77-444\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003EPenn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City\u003C\/em\u003E, 438 U.S. 104 (1978)\u003C\/a\u003E, which balances factors such as the \u201ceconomic impact of the regulation, its interference with reasonable investment-backed expectations, and the character of the government action.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn this case, the California regulation granting labor organizations a \u201cright to take access\u201d to an agricultural employer\u2019s property is a physical taking. The regulation does not restrict the growers\u2019 use of their own property, but instead appropriates the owners\u2019 right to exclude third parties from their land, \u201cone of the most treasured rights\u201d of property ownership. By granting access to third-party union organizers, even for a limited time, the regulation confers a right to physically invade the growers\u2019 property and thus constitutes a physical taking.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Brett Kavanaugh authored a concurring opinion describing another way the Court could have arrived at the same conclusion, using a different precedent.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Stephen Breyer authored a dissenting opinion, in which Justices Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan joined. Justice Breyer argued that the regulation does not physically appropriate growers\u2019 property; rather, it temporarily regulates their right to exclude others and as such should be subject to the \u201cflexible\u201d \u003Cem\u003EPenn Central\u003C\/em\u003E rule.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":63340,"name":"Joshua P. Thompson","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/joshua_p_thompson","view_count":0,"last_name":"Thompson","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"joshua_p_thompson"},"advocate_description":"for the Petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/23006"},{"advocate":{"ID":63183,"name":"Michael J. 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