{"ID":63353,"name":"Brown v. Davenport","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2021\/20-826","view_count":0,"docket_number":"20-826","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Mike Brown, Acting Warden","second_party":"Ervine Davenport","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1617598800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54878"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1633410000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54955"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1650517200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55085"}],"lower_court":{"ID":11,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/11"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EA Michigan jury convicted Ervine Lee Davenport of first-degree murder in 2008. He challenged his conviction in a habeas corpus petition under 28 U.S.C. \u00a7 2254 because at trial he was restrained at the waist, wrist, and ankles, although there was a privacy curtain around the defense table. The State admitted that the visible restraints were unconstitutional but argued that the error was harmless. The Michigan Court of Appeals agreed, finding that while it was error for the trial court to order the defendant to be restrained without justification, Davenport had not shown that his restraints were visible to the jury and thus failed to show prejudice. The Michigan Supreme Court reversed and remanded, and on remand, five jurors testified that they saw the shackles and two others had heard comments about the shackles.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENevertheless, the trial court concluded that although some jurors saw the shackles, the prosecution had proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the shackling did not affect the jury\u2019s verdict. The court of appeals affirmed, and the Michigan Supreme Court denied leave to appeal. Davenport challenged the conviction in federal court, and the district court denied the petition and certificate of appealability. Davenport petitioned the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit for a certificate of appealability, which the court granted. Noting that \u201cshackling is inherently prejudicial,\u201d the Sixth Circuit concluded that the State had not met its burden to show that the restraints did not have a \u201csubstantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury\u2019s verdict\u201d and reversed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EWhat is the appropriate standard of review for a federal court deciding whether to grant habeas relief?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EA federal court deciding whether to grant habeas relief must apply both the test the Supreme Court outlined in \u003Cem\u003EBrecht v. Abrahamson\u003C\/em\u003E, 507 U.S. 619, and the one Congress prescribed in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA). Justice Neil Gorsuch authored the 6-3 majority opinion of the Court holding that the Sixth Circuit erred in granting relief based solely on its application of the \u003Cem\u003EBrecht\u003C\/em\u003E standard.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince the founding, Congress has authorized (but not required) federal courts to issue writs of habeas corpus \u201cas law and justice require.\u201d In response to an evolving use of the writ, the Supreme Court in \u003Cem\u003EBrecht v. Abrahamson\u003C\/em\u003E held that a state prisoner seeking federal habeas relief must show that the constitutional error had a \u201csubstantial and injurious effect or influence on the verdict.\u201d Congress subsequently further reformed the writ in passing AEDPA, which is a constitutionally valid rule of decision. AEDPA instructs that federal courts shall not grant relief for a claim adjudicated in state court unless the state court\u2019s decision was (1) contrary to clearly established law or (2) based on an unreasonable determination of the facts. Notably, Congress left intact the tradition whereby federal courts have discretion to grant relief if \u201claw and justice require.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe test outlined in \u003Cem\u003EBrecht\u003C\/em\u003E is different from the requirements of AEDPA; proof of prejudice under \u003Cem\u003EBrecht\u003C\/em\u003E does not satisfy AEDPA. Moreover, the materials a court may consult when considering each test are different. As such, a court must apply both tests when reviewing a habeas claim.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Elena Kagan authored a dissenting opinion, in which Justices Stephen Breyer and Sonia Sotomayor joined. Justice Kagan argued that the Court twice, in 2007 and again in 2015, stated that the \u003Cem\u003EBrecht\u003C\/em\u003E standard \u201cobviously subsumes\u201d the \u201cmore liberal\u201d AEDPA standard and that if a defendant meets the former, he will \u201cnecessarily\u201d meet the latter, too. Justice Kagan pointed out that every Justice has subscribed to that position in prior decisions and that requiring courts to apply both tests is unnecessarily burdensome and \u201cwill never lead to a different result\u201d from application of the \u003Cem\u003EBrecht\u003C\/em\u003E test alone.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":63391,"name":"Fadwa A. 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