{"ID":63400,"name":"Whole Woman\u0027s Health v. 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Additionally, the law criminalizes any person who \u0022aids or abets\u0022 any such abortion and permits any private citizen (as opposed to the state itself), to file a lawsuit for damages against such persons. Abortion providers challenged the law, and the U.S. Supreme Court\u00a0rejected the providers\u2019 initial request to block enforcement of the law. After the law went into effect, the providers filed another legal challenge.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003ECan the petitioners in this case pursue a pre-enforcement challenge to Texas Senate Bill 8 (SB 8), which prohibits providers from performing or inducing an abortion after a fetal heartbeat is detected and which allows for direct enforcement of the law through private civil actions?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EThe petitioners in this case may proceed past the motion-to-dismiss stage only as to the defendants who are state medical licensing officials. Justice Neil Gorsuch authored the majority opinion of the Court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWriting for himself and Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett, Justice Gorsuch concluded that the petitioners cannot sue defendants Penny Clarkston and Austin Jackson (a state-court clerk and state-court judge, respectively) because states are generally immune from lawsuits under the Eleventh Amendment, and even the limited exception recognized in Ex Parte Young does not permit an ex-ante injunction preventing state courts from hearing cases. Additionally, state-court clerks and judges are not \u201cadverse litigants\u201d and thus a pre-enforcement challenge against those parties does not constitute a \u201ccase or controversy\u201d as required under the Constitution.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe same five Justices also concluded that the petitioners cannot sue Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton because the attorney general lacks authority to enforce the challenged law.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll nine Justices agreed that the petitioners cannot sue the individual private defendant Mark Lee Dickson because they cannot establish an injury \u201cfairly traceable\u201d to his unlawful conduct, as required by the Constitution.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll but Justice Clarence Thomas agreed that the petitioners may proceed in their lawsuit against the state licensing officials because each may or must take enforcement actions against the abortion providers if the providers violate SB 8.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a separate opinion, Chief Justice Roberts noted that SB 8 has the purpose and effect of \u201cnullify[ing]\u201d the Court\u2019s rulings and thus threatens the entire constitutional system.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWriting on behalf of herself and Justices Breyer and Kagan, Justice Sotomayor extended the Chief Justice\u2019s concerns, pointing out that the Court\u2019s narrow ruling \u201ceffectively invites\u201d other states to follow Texas\u2019s example in nullifying constitutional rights.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":63401,"name":"Marc A. 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