{"ID":63453,"name":"Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2022\/20-1199","view_count":0,"docket_number":"20-1199","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Students for Fair Admissions, Inc.","second_party":"President \u0026 Fellows of Harvard College","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1643004000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55037"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1667192400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55165"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1688014800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55304"}],"lower_court":{"ID":6,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/6"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EPetitioner Students for Fair Admissions (SFFA) sued Harvard College over its admissions process, alleging that the process violates Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by discriminating against Asian American applicants and white applicants in favor of \u201cunderrepresented\u201d minority applicants. Harvard admits that it uses race as one of many factors in its admissions process but argues that its process adheres to the requirements for race-based admissions outlined in the Supreme Court\u2019s decision in Grutter v. Bollinger.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter a 15-day bench trial, the district court issued a detailed opinion in favor of Harvard. SFFA appealed, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit affirmed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe case was originally consolidated for oral argument with a similar case challenging the admissions policies at the University of North Carolina under the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution, but the Court severed the cases.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EMay institutions of higher education use race as a factor in admissions?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf so, does Harvard College\u2019s race-conscious admissions process violate Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Harvard admissions program violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.\u00a0Chief Justice John Roberts authored the 6-3 majority opinion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFirst, the Court concluded that Students for Fair Admissions (SFFA) had organizational standing because it is a voluntary membership organization with identifiable members who support its mission and whom SFFA represents in good faith.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESecond, while the original purpose of the Fourteenth Amendment\u0027s Equal Protection Clause was to ensure that laws apply equally to everyone, regardless of race, both the Supreme Court and the nation failed to uphold this principle, most notably in Plessy v. Ferguson, which sanctioned \u201cseparate but equal\u201d facilities. However, the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education overturned this, and the equal protection principle has since expanded to various areas of life. Any exceptions to equal protection must satisfy \u201cstrict scrutiny\u201d; that is, the government must show that the racial classification serves a compelling interest and is narrowly tailored to achieve that interest.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, Justice Lewis Powell\u2019s opinion became the touchstone for evaluating the constitutionality of race-based admissions, reasoning that diversity in the student body could be a \u201ccompelling state interest,\u201d but that race could only be used as a \u201cplus\u201d in admissions and not as a quota. In Grutter v. Bollinger, the Court adopted Powell\u0027s viewpoint, while also setting limits to ensure race-based admissions did not result in stereotyping or harm to non-minority applicants, and stating that such race-based programs should eventually come to an end.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHarvard\u2019s (and UNC\u2019s, in the consolidated case) race-based admissions systems fail to meet the strict scrutiny, non-stereotyping, and termination criteria established by Grutter and Bakke. Specifically, the universities could not demonstrate their compelling interests in a measurable way, failed to avoid racial stereotypes, and did not offer a logical endpoint for when race-based admissions would cease. As a result, the programs violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. However, the Court noted that nothing prohibits universities from considering an applicant\u2019s discussion of how race affected the applicant\u2019s life, so long as that discussion is concretely tied to a quality of character or unique ability that the particular applicant can contribute to the university.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustices Clarence Thomas, Neil Gorsuch, and Brett Kavanaugh each wrote a concurring opinion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Sonia Sotomayor wrote a dissenting opinion, in which Justices Elena Kagan and Ketanji Brown Jackson joined (except Justice Jackson took no part in the consideration or decision of the case against Harvard).\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":63298,"name":"Cameron T. 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