{"ID":63581,"name":"Brown v. United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2023\/22-6389","view_count":0,"docket_number":"22-6389","additional_docket_numbers":["22-6640"],"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Justin Rashaad Brown","second_party":"United States of America","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1684126800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55269"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1701064800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55365"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1716440400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55571"}],"lower_court":{"ID":8,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/8"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EJustin Rashaad Brown was indicted in York County, Pennsylvania, for multiple counts, including being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 922(g). Brown pleaded guilty to one charge of drug possession and distribution as well as the \u00a7 922(g) offense. The U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania sentenced him to concurrent terms of 180 months\u2019 imprisonment due to prior convictions triggering the fifteen-year mandatory minimum sentence prescribed in the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA). Brown appealed his enhanced sentence, arguing that his prior state marijuana convictions should not serve as predicates under the ACCA because those crimes are no longer a categorical match to their federal counterpart. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the \u0022serious drug offense\u0022 definition in the Armed Career Criminal Act incorporate the federal drug schedules that were in effect at the time of the federal firearm offense?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EA state drug conviction counts as an ACCA predicate if it involved a drug on the federal schedules at the time of that conviction. Justice Samuel Alito authored the 6-3 majority opinion of the Court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFirst, Precedent and statutory context support the Government\u2019s interpretation\u2014that the federal and state definitions of a drug must match when the state crime was committed. ACCA is a recidivist statute that looks backward at a defendant\u0027s prior convictions to gauge their culpability and dangerousness. Treating state and federal drug offenses differently based on later changes to drug schedules would lead to strange results.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESecond, the Government\u0027s interpretation best fulfills ACCA\u0027s objectives. A defendant\u0027s prior serious drug convictions indicate a risk of future dangerousness, even if the drug is later considered less dangerous. The fact of the earlier conviction, not the legislature\u0027s subsequent judgment, is what matters for ACCA\u0027s purposes.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJackson\u0027s reliance on the reference canon and the principle that the law setting the penalty is the law in place when the crime was committed is misplaced. ACCA\u0027s reference to the Controlled Substances Act is specific, not general, and treating Jackson\u0027s prior convictions as ACCA predicates is consistent with the current law.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAdditionally, Brown\u0027s textual argument based on ACCA\u0027s use of the present tense, noting that this was likely a stylistic choice. Brown\u0027s reliance on the Schooner Peggy principle is misplaced because ACCA itself has not changed during the litigation.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the Government\u0027s interpretation may have some limitations, such as not capturing pre-1970 drug convictions, this is not absurd given the comprehensive regulatory scheme introduced by the Controlled Substances Act in 1970. The rule of lenity does not apply because the statute is not grievously ambiguous after considering context, precedent, and statutory design.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Ketanji Brown Jackson authored a dissenting opinion, in which Justice Elena Kagan joined in full and Justice Neil Gorsuch joined in part, arguing that, notwithstanding the majority\u2019s contrary contention, the text of 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 924(e)(2)(A)(ii) definitively answers the question presented here, establishing that courts should apply the drug schedules in effect at the time of the federal firearms offense that triggers ACCA\u2019s potential application.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":30625,"name":"Jeffrey T. 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