{"ID":63636,"name":"Snyder v. United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2023\/23-108","view_count":0,"docket_number":"23-108 ","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"James E. Snyder","second_party":"United States of America","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1702447200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55375"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1713157200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55434"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1719378000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55498"}],"lower_court":{"ID":12,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/12"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EJames Snyder formerly served as mayor of Portage, Indiana. He was convicted of federal funds bribery in violation of 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 666(a)(1)(B) for soliciting and accepting $13,000 in connection with the city\u2019s purchases of garbage trucks, among other federal crimes.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBefore, during, and after trial, Snyder argued that the evidence did not support a finding that there was an agreement to exchange money for the truck contracts before they were awarded. Without a prior quid pro quo agreement, he argued, \u00a7 666 cannot apply. Interpreting the plain language of the statute and Sixth Circuit precedent, the district court rejected his interpretation of that provision. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit affirmed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 666(a)(1)(B) criminalize gratuities, i.e., payments in recognition of actions a state or local official has already taken or committed to take, without any quid pro quo agreement to take those actions?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EFederal law, 18 U.S.C. \u00a7666, proscribes bribes to state and local officials but does not make it a crime for those officials to accept gratuities for their past acts. Justice Brett Kavanaugh authored the 6-3 majority opinion of the Court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Court identified six main reasons that 18 U.S.C. \u00a7666(a)(1)(B) is a bribery statute and not a gratuities statute:\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00a0 \u00a0a) Text: The language of \u00a7666 closely resembles the federal bribery statute (\u00a7201(b)) rather than the federal gratuities statute (\u00a7201(c)).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00a0 \u00a0b) Statutory history: Congress amended \u00a7666 in 1986 to model it after the bribery statute, not the gratuities statute.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00a0 \u00a0c) Statutory structure: Unlike other laws, \u00a7666 does not separate bribery and gratuities into distinct provisions.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00a0 \u00a0d) Statutory punishments: The penalties in \u00a7666 align with those for bribery, not gratuities, and would create inexplicable sentencing disparities if applied to gratuities.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00a0 \u00a0e) Federalism: Interpreting \u00a7666 as a gratuities statute would significantly infringe on states\u0027 rights to regulate their officials\u0027 conduct.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00a0 \u00a0f) Fair notice: The government\u0027s interpretation would create ambiguity and potentially criminalize innocuous behavior without clear guidelines for state and local officials.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Court rejected the government\u0027s argument that the inclusion of the term \u0022rewarded\u0022 in \u00a7666 indicates it covers gratuities. Rather, the word \u0022rewarded\u0022 serves to close potential loopholes in bribery cases.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause \u00a7666 prohibits bribes but not gratuities, state and local governments may choose whether and how to regulate gratuities for their officials within constitutional bounds.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Neil Gorsuch joined the Court\u2019s opinion in full and wrote a separate concurrence.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Ketanji Brown Jackson authored a dissenting opinion, in which Justices Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan joined.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":34185,"name":"Lisa S. Blatt","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/lisa_s_blatt","view_count":0,"last_name":"Blatt","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"lisa_s_blatt"},"advocate_description":"for the Petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/23577"},{"advocate":{"ID":63126,"name":"Colleen E. 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