{"ID":63650,"name":"Department of State v. Munoz","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2023\/23-334","view_count":0,"docket_number":"23-334 ","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Department of State, et al.","second_party":"Sandra Munoz, et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1705039200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55391"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1713848400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55447"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1718946000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55496"}],"lower_court":{"ID":5,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/5"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ESandra Mu\u00f1oz, a U.S. citizen, married Luis Asencio-Cordero, an El Salvadoran citizen, in 2010. They have a U.S. citizen child. Asencio-Cordero, who arrived in the U.S. in 2005 and has multiple tattoos, applied for an immigrant visa after Mu\u00f1oz filed an approved immigrant-relative petition and waiver for his inadmissibility. In 2015, he returned to El Salvador for his visa interview, denying any gang affiliations. However, in December 2015, the U.S. Consulate denied his visa under 8 U.S.C. \u00a7 1182(a)(3)(A)(ii), suggesting his potential involvement in unlawful activities. Mu\u00f1oz sought intervention from Congresswoman Judy Chu, but the State Department upheld the decision. A declaration from a gang expert, Humberto Guizar, stated that Asencio-Cordero\u2019s tattoos were not gang-related. Despite this and further appeals, including to the State Department\u0027s Office of Inspector General, the decision remained unchanged, with authorities confirming the inadmissibility and indicating no grounds for appeal.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFollowing the government\u2019s denial of Asencio-Cordero\u2019s immigrant visa application, the plaintiffs sought judicial review, arguing that the statute was unconstitutionally vague. The district court granted summary judgment to the defendants, invoking the doctrine of consular nonreviewability to prevent judicial scrutiny of the visa decision. However, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit found that the government failed to provide the constitutionally required notice within a reasonable time after the visa application was denied. As a result, the appellate court determined that the government was not entitled to summary judgment based on the doctrine of consular nonreviewability and vacated the district court\u0027s decision.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the denial of a visa to the non-citizen spouse of a U.S. citizen infringe on a constitutionally protected interest of the citizen and, if so, did the government properly justify that decision in this case?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EA U.S. citizen does not have a fundamental liberty interest in her noncitizen spouse being admitted to the country. Justice Amy Coney Barrett authored the majority opinion of the Court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe doctrine of consular nonreviewability holds that federal courts generally cannot review visa denial decisions made by consular officers, but there may be a narrow exception for decisions that abridge fundamental constitutional rights (the Court assumed but did not decide the possibility of such an exception). However, the right to bring a noncitizen spouse to the U.S. is not deeply rooted in the nation\u0027s history and tradition, as required by the Glucksberg test. Throughout the history of U.S. immigration law, the admission of noncitizens, including spouses, has consistently been treated as a matter of sovereign discretion rather than individual right. While Congress has the ability to prioritize family unity in immigration policy, there is no constitutional requirement to do so.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThus, U.S. citizens do not have a fundamental right to have their noncitizen spouses admitted to the country, nor do they have procedural due process rights in the visa proceedings of others.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Neil Gorsuch authored an opinion concurring in the judgment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Sonia Sotomayor authored a dissenting opinion, in which Justices Elena Kagan and Ketanji Brown Jackson joined.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":19038,"name":"Curtis E. 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