{"ID":63685,"name":"E.M.D. Sales, Inc. v. Carrera","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2024\/23-217","view_count":0,"docket_number":"23-217","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"E.M.D. Sales, Inc.","second_party":"Faustino Sanchez Carrera","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1718600400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55473"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1730786400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55511"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1736920800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55592"}],"lower_court":{"ID":9,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/9"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EE.M.D. Sales Inc. (EMD) is a distributor of Latin American, Caribbean, and Asian food products to grocery stores in the Washington, D.C. area. Three of EMD\u2019s sales representatives\u2014Faustino Sanchez Carrera, Magdaleno Gervacio, and Jesus David Muro\u2014sued EMD and its CEO, Elda Devarie, in 2017 for allegedly violating the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) by denying them overtime wages. The plaintiffs claimed they worked about 60 hours per week, paid on commission without overtime compensation.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe sales representatives were assigned routes of stores, spending most of their time servicing chain stores and some independent groceries. Their duties included restocking shelves, managing inventory, and submitting orders for EMD products. While they could make some sales to independent stores, their ability to make sales at chain stores was limited, as high-level negotiations between EMD management and corporate buyers typically determined product placement. EMD argued that the sales representatives were exempt from overtime pay under the FLSA\u2019s \u201coutside sales\u201d exemption. The case went to a bench trial, where the court had to determine whether the plaintiffs\u2019 primary duty was making sales, qualifying them for the exemption, or if their work was primarily incidental to sales made by others. The district court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, finding that EMD failed to prove the outside sales exemption applied, awarded both unpaid overtime wages and liquidated damages, but limited the damages to a two-year period after concluding that EMD\u0027s violation was not willful. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EIs the burden of proof that employers must satisfy to demonstrate the applicability of a Fair Labor Standards Act exemption a mere preponderance of the evidence or clear and convincing evidence?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EThe preponderance-of-the-evidence standard applies when an employer seeks to show that an employee is exempt from the minimum-wage and overtime-pay provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Justice Brett Kavanaugh authored the unanimous opinion of the Court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe default standard of proof in American civil litigation is preponderance of the evidence, and courts only deviate from this standard in three specific circumstances: when a statute explicitly requires a heightened standard, when the Constitution requires it, or in certain rare cases where the government seeks unusual coercive action against an individual (like revoking citizenship). None of these exceptions applies to FLSA exemption cases. The FLSA itself is silent on the standard of proof, which typically means Congress intended the default preponderance standard to apply. The case does not implicate constitutional rights, and it does not involve unusual government coercion; instead, it is akin to Title VII employment discrimination cases where the Court has consistently applied the preponderance standard.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Neil Gorsuch authored a concurring opinion, in which Justice Clarence Thomas joined, clarifying that courts apply the default \u201cpreponderance\u201d rule unless Congress alters it or the Constitution forbids it.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":34185,"name":"Lisa S. Blatt","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/lisa_s_blatt","view_count":0,"last_name":"Blatt","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"lisa_s_blatt"},"advocate_description":"for the Petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/23626"},{"advocate":{"ID":63545,"name":"Aimee W. 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