{"ID":63695,"name":"Stanley v. City of Sanford, Florida","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2024\/23-997","view_count":0,"docket_number":"23-997","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Karyn D. Stanley","second_party":"City of Sanford, Florida","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1719205200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55483"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1736748000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55551"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1750395600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55673"}],"lower_court":{"ID":15,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/15"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EKaryn Stanley, a firefighter for the City of Sanford, Florida, retired due to Parkinson\u0027s disease in 2018 after serving for about 19 years. When she joined in 1999, the City\u0027s policy provided free health insurance until age 65 for employees retiring due to disability. However, in 2003, the City changed its plan, limiting the health insurance subsidy for disability retirees to 24 months post-retirement. Unaware of this change, Stanley filed suit in April 2020, shortly before her subsidy was set to expire, alleging violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act, Rehabilitation Act, Florida Civil Rights Act, Equal Protection Clause, and Florida Statutes section 112.0801. The district court dismissed or granted summary judgment on all claims in favor of the City, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit affirmed, relying on (and reaffirming) binding precedent within that circuit that \u201ca Title I plaintiff must \u2018hold[ ] or desire[ ]\u2019 an employment position with the defendant at the time of the defendant\u0027s allegedly wrongful act.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EUnder the Americans with Disabilities Act, does a former employee \u2014 who was qualified to perform her job and who earned post-employment benefits while employed \u2014 lose her right to sue over discrimination with respect to those benefits solely because she no longer holds her job?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Americans with Disabilities Act does not protect former employees who neither hold nor desire a job at the time of an employer\u0027s alleged act of discrimination. Justice Neil Gorsuch authored the majority opinion of the Court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETitle I of the ADA makes it unlawful for employers to discriminate against a \u201cqualified individual\u201d based on disability regarding compensation and other employment matters. The statute defines a \u201cqualified individual\u201d as someone who \u0022can perform the essential functions of the employment position that such individual holds or desires.\u201d The present-tense verbs\u2014\u201cholds,\u201d \u201cdesires,\u201d and \u201ccan perform\u201d\u2014signal that the law protects individuals able to perform a job they currently hold or seek when discrimination occurs, not retirees who neither hold nor desire employment. The statute\u2019s definition of \u201creasonable accommodation,\u201d which includes job restructuring and modifying facilities for employees, reinforces this interpretation by referencing accommodations that make sense only for current employees or job applicants, not retirees.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe ADA\u2019s structure further supports this reading through its examples of discrimination in Section 12112(b), such as \u201cqualification standards\u201d and \u201cemployment tests,\u201d which clearly aim to protect job holders and seekers rather than retirees. Additionally, comparing Title I with Title VII of the Civil Rights Act reveals that while Title VII protects \u201cemployees\u201d without temporal qualification, the ADA\u2019s use of \u201cqualified individual\u201d linked to present-tense verbs indicates protection for current job holders or seekers only. The Court\u2019s precedent in Cleveland v. Policy Management Systems Corporation anticipated that someone may fall outside the ADA\u2019s protections if she can no longer perform the job.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Clarence Thomas authored an opinion concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, joined by Justice Amy Coney Barrett, expressing concern about litigants changing their arguments after the Court grants certiorari.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Sonia Sotomayor authored an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part, arguing that Title I\u2019s prohibition on disability discrimination should not cease when an employee retires.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Ketanji Brown Jackson authored a dissenting opinion, joined by Justice Sotomayor in parts, arguing that the majority misreads Title I by viewing it through \u201cthe distorted lens of pure textualism,\u201d incorrectly using the qualified individual definition as a temporal limit it was never designed to be, and thereby rendering meaningless the ADA\u2019s protections for disabled workers\u2019 retirement benefits just when those protections matter most.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":20895,"name":"Deepak Gupta","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/deepak_gupta","view_count":0,"last_name":"Gupta","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"deepak_gupta"},"advocate_description":"for the Petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/23665"},{"advocate":{"ID":62593,"name":"Frederick Liu","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/frederick_liu","view_count":0,"last_name":"Liu","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"frederick_liu"},"advocate_description":"for the United States, as amicus curiae, supporting the Petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/23666"},{"advocate":{"ID":63743,"name":"Jessica C. 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