{"ID":63792,"name":"Cox Communications, Inc. v. Sony Music Entertainment","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2025\/24-171","view_count":0,"docket_number":"24-171","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Cox Communications, Inc.","second_party":"Sony Music Entertainment","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1751259600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55685"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1764568800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55745"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1774414800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55810"}],"lower_court":{"ID":9,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/9"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ECox Communications, Inc. is a major internet service provider selling internet, telephone, and cable television to millions across the United States. Between 2013 and 2014, some of Cox\u2019s internet subscribers used peer-to-peer file-sharing networks, such as BitTorrent, to download and distribute copyrighted songs owned by numerous record companies and music publishers, including Sony Music Entertainment (the \u201cPlaintiffs\u201d). These record companies, through the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), hired a company called MarkMonitor to monitor illegal file sharing and notify internet service providers when infringement was detected. MarkMonitor sent Cox over 163,000 notices of infringement during the relevant period. In response, Cox operated a \u201cthirteen-strike\u201d policy, under which it warned or temporarily suspended subscribers after repeated notices, but in practice it rarely terminated service for copyright infringement, while regularly terminating service for nonpayment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPlaintiffs became frustrated with Cox\u2019s limited enforcement against repeat infringers and sued Cox instead of its subscribers, alleging that Cox was secondarily liable for copyright infringement occurring on its network. Specifically, plaintiffs contended Cox either intentionally contributed to or benefited from its subscribers\u2019 infringements by failing to take adequate steps to stop it, thereby inducing or materially contributing to the unlawful acts.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia denied Cox statutory safe harbor under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) and allowed the case to proceed to trial on theories of vicarious and contributory copyright infringement. The jury found Cox liable on both counts and awarded $1 billion in statutory damages. On appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed the jury\u2019s finding of willful contributory infringement, reversed the vicarious liability verdict, and vacated the damages award, remanding the case for a new trial on damages.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003ECan an internet service provider be held liable, and found to have acted willfully, for copyright infringement just because it knew users were infringing and did not terminate their access?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EAn internet service provider does not commit \u0022contributory copyright infringement\u0022 \u2014 meaning legal responsibility for copyright violations committed by someone else \u2014 simply by continuing to provide internet service to subscribers it knows have been flagged for piracy. Justice Clarence Thomas authored the 7-2 majority opinion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECopyright law recognizes two ways a company can be held responsible for infringement it did not directly commit. First, a provider is liable if it actively induced infringement \u2014 meaning it took specific steps to encourage users to pirate content, as file-sharing companies did in MGM Studios v. Grokster (2005) when they marketed their software as a piracy tool. Second, a provider is liable if its service is tailored to infringement \u2014 meaning it has no substantial legitimate use, the standard established in Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios (1984), where the Court held that selling VCRs to the public was lawful because the device served many legal purposes. Knowledge alone \u2014 knowing that some users will misuse a service \u2014 has never been enough to trigger liability under either standard.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECox satisfies neither test. Nothing in the record shows Cox encouraged or promoted piracy; to the contrary, Cox sent warnings, suspended accounts, and contractually prohibited infringing use. And basic internet access plainly serves countless lawful purposes. Sony\u0027s argument that the Digital Millennium Copyright Act\u0027s \u0022safe harbor\u0022 provision \u2014 which shields ISPs from liability if they adopt policies to terminate repeat infringers \u2014 implies a baseline of liability for ISPs that ignore infringement misreads the statute. The DMCA creates a defense from liability; it does not create liability where none otherwise exists.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Sonia Sotomayor, joined by Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson, concurred in the judgment, agreeing Cox lacked the required intent but arguing the majority went too far by categorically limiting secondary copyright liability to only two theories, when prior precedent (Grokster) expressly left open the possibility that other common-law theories \u2014 such as aiding and abetting \u2014 could apply, and the majority\u0027s sweeping rule renders the DMCA safe harbor meaningless going forward.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":23018,"name":"E. 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