{"ID":63773,"name":"Berk v. Choy","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2025\/24-440","view_count":0,"docket_number":"24-440","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Harold R. Berk","second_party":"Wilson C. Choy","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1741582800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55626"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1759726800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55712"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1768888800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55779"}],"lower_court":{"ID":8,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/8"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EHarold R. Berk injured his ankle and allegedly received negligent medical care from three healthcare providers: Dr. Wilson C. Choy, Beebe Medical Center, Inc., and Encompass Health Rehabilitation Hospital of Middletown, LLC. Believing he suffered harm due to their malpractice, Berk filed a lawsuit against them under Delaware law. Like many states, Delaware requires plaintiffs in medical negligence cases to submit an affidavit of merit (AOM)\u2014a statement from a qualified expert certifying that the lawsuit has a reasonable basis\u2014either with the complaint or within a short time after filing.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBerk failed to submit an AOM with his complaint and did not request an extension before the deadline passed. Because the Delaware statute treats the AOM requirement as mandatory, the district court dismissed his case. Berk appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, which affirmed the dismissal, concluding that the Delaware AOM statute is substantive and therefore must be enforced by a federal court sitting in diversity.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EMust a Delaware law providing that a complaint must be dismissed unless it is accompanied by an expert affidavit be enforced by a federal court sitting in diversity?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EDelaware law requiring a plaintiff suing for medical malpractice to provide an affidavit from a medical professional attesting to the suit\u2019s merit, Del. Code, Tit. 18, \u00a76853(a)(1), conflicts with a valid Federal Rule of Civil Procedure and does not apply in federal court sitting in diversity. Justice Amy Coney Barrett authored the 8\u20131 majority opinion of the Court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDelaware Code \u00a76853(a)(1)\u2014which requires plaintiffs to include an expert affidavit with a medical malpractice complaint\u2014answers the same procedural question as Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8: what information a plaintiff must provide about the merits of a claim in order to proceed with a lawsuit. Rule 8 requires only a \u201cshort and plain\u201d statement showing entitlement to relief, not evidentiary support like an affidavit. Because Rule 8 implicitly but clearly excludes a requirement for supporting evidence at the pleading stage, Delaware\u2019s law directly conflicts with the federal rule. The Court rejected efforts to recast the state law as imposing a more flexible, post-pleading evidentiary requirement, noting that this effort could not be enforced under the Federal Rules, which specify mechanisms like Rule 56 (summary judgment) for requiring evidentiary support and prohibit consideration of evidence outside the pleadings when deciding motions under Rule 12(b)(6).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnder the Rules Enabling Act, federal procedural rules supersede conflicting state laws so long as the federal rule is valid. Rule 8 is valid because it governs procedures, not substantive rights\u2014it regulates only how claims are presented at the outset of litigation. The substantive nature or purpose of the displaced state law has no bearing on this inquiry. Since Rule 8 regulates procedure and directly addresses the same issue as \u00a76853, it preempts Delaware\u2019s affidavit requirement in federal court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Ketanji Brown Jackson authored an opinion concurring in the judgment, arguing that the conflict lies with Federal Rules 3 (governing commencement of an action) and 12 (limiting judges to the face of the pleading at the motion to dismiss stage) rather than Rule 8. She criticized the majority\u2019s reasoning for implying that Rule 8 speaks to documents outside the pleadings, such as third-party affidavits.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":63476,"name":"Andrew T. 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