{"ID":63775,"name":"Barrett v. United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2025\/24-5774","view_count":0,"docket_number":"24-5774","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Dwayne Barrett","second_party":"United States of America","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1740981600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55628"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1759813200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55714"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1768370400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55769"}],"lower_court":{"ID":7,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/7"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EBetween August 2011 and January 2012, Dwayne Barrett and several co-conspirators carried out a string of armed robberies in New York, often using guns, knives, and threats of violence. On December 12, 2011, Barrett and two associates followed a minivan carrying the proceeds from a sale of untaxed cigarettes. While Barrett waited in the car, his accomplices held two men at gunpoint and stole the vehicle, which also contained $10,000 and a third victim, Gamar Dafalla. As he tried to discard some of the money during the getaway, Dafalla was fatally shot by one of the robbers. Later that day, Barrett took part in another robbery, threatening a victim\u2019s life. He also helped dispose of the murder weapon and clean their vehicle with latex gloves and cleaning fluid to eliminate evidence.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBarrett was indicted on multiple counts, including conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery, two substantive counts of Hobbs Act robbery (one involving Dafalla\u2019s murder), and separate firearms offenses, including a murder charge under 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 924(j). He was convicted in 2014 and originally sentenced to 90 years in prison. On appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit vacated one firearms conviction under the Supreme Court\u2019s then-new decision in United States v. Davis. Barrett was resentenced to 50 years in 2021. After further appellate proceedings, the Second Circuit affirmed most of his convictions and sentence but vacated and remanded for resentencing in light of the Supreme Court\u2019s 2023 decision in Lora v. United States, which held that \u00a7 924(j) does not require consecutive sentencing under \u00a7 924(c).\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EMay a defendant who commits a single act that violates two statutory provisions be convicted under both provisions?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ECongress did not clearly authorize convictions under both 18 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 924(c)(1)(A)(i) and 924(j) for a single act that violates both provisions, meaning only one conviction may result from such conduct. Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson authored the majority opinion, which was unanimous in judgment but divided on reasoning, with only a plurality joining the legislative history portion of the opinion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe case turns on the Blockburger presumption, a longstanding rule of statutory construction holding that Congress ordinarily does not intend to punish the same offense under two different statutes. Two provisions define the \u201csame offense\u201d under Blockburger when one does not require proof of any element the other lacks. All parties agreed that \u00a7 924(c)(1)(A)(i)\u2014which criminalizes using, carrying, or possessing a firearm during a federal crime of violence or drug trafficking crime\u2014and \u00a7 924(j)\u2014which prescribes different penalties when such a violation causes death\u2014define the same offense because \u00a7 924(c)(1)(A)(i) is fully subsumed within \u00a7 924(j). The presumption against dual convictions may yield only to clearly expressed contrary congressional intent.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe statutory text strongly suggests Congress did not intend to overcome the Blockburger presumption here. Congress twice included explicit Blockburger-surmounting language elsewhere in \u00a7 924, specifying that certain convictions must be \u201cin addition to\u201d other punishments. No similar language addresses the relationship between subsections (c)(1) and (j). The consecutive-sentence mandate in \u00a7 924(c)\u2014requiring that a subsection (c) sentence run consecutively to other sentences\u2014does not authorize dual convictions; it merely instructs how to arrange sentences once a court determines that two convictions may coexist. The statute\u0027s structure reinforces this conclusion: subsection (j) provides a comprehensive, independent penalty scheme reflecting Congress\u0027s choice to trade mandatory minimums for sentencing flexibility in death-causing cases, suggesting prosecutors must choose between the provisions rather than stack them.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Gorsuch authored an opinion concurring in part, arguing that the Court should clarify whether the Blockburger rule operates as a mere presumption in concurrent prosecutions or as a constitutional bar, as it does in successive prosecutions.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":63815,"name":"Matthew B. 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