{"ID":63798,"name":"The GEO Group, Inc. v. Menocal","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2025\/24-758","view_count":0,"docket_number":"24-758","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"The GEO Group, Inc.","second_party":"Alejandro Menocal","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1748840400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55691"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1762754400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55738"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1771999200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55787"}],"lower_court":{"ID":14,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/14"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EAlejandro Menocal and other immigration detainees brought a class action lawsuit against The GEO Group, Inc. (GEO), a private company that operates the Aurora Immigration Processing Center (AIPC) in Colorado under contract with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). GEO maintained a mandatory Sanitation Policy requiring all detainees to clean common areas including walls, floors, bathrooms, and recreation yards. Detainees who refused these cleaning assignments faced escalating disciplinary actions, beginning with suspension of television and phone privileges and potentially resulting in solitary confinement for up to seventy-two hours. Menocal, detained from June to September 2014, witnessed fellow detainees placed in isolation for refusing to clean, and multiple detainees testified to being threatened with or actually placed in solitary confinement for noncompliance. Additionally, AIPC operated a Voluntary Work Program where detainees could work up to eight hours daily in various jobs such as food preparation, barbering, and laundry services for compensation of $1.00 per day.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMenocal filed suit in October 2014, alleging forced labor under the Trafficking Victims Protection Act for the mandatory cleaning program and unjust enrichment under Colorado common law for the $1.00 daily wage in the Voluntary Work Program. The U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado certified two classes in 2017, which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit affirmed in 2018. Following discovery, GEO moved for summary judgment claiming derivative sovereign immunity under Yearsley v. W.A. Ross Construction Co. The district court denied GEO\u0027s motion in October 2022, finding that ICE neither directed nor required GEO to compel detainee labor or limit compensation to $1.00 per day. GEO appealed this denial to the Tenth Circuit, which dismissed for lack of appellate jurisdiction.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EIs a pretrial order denying a government contractor\u0027s claim to protection under Yearsley v. W.A. Ross Construction Co. immediately appealable under the collateral-order doctrine?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen a federal contractor invokes the Yearsley doctrine\u2014the legal rule that shields contractors from liability for work the government lawfully authorized and directed\u2014and a trial court rejects that defense before trial, the contractor cannot immediately appeal that rejection; it must wait until the case ends. Justice Elena Kagan authored the majority opinion, which was joined in full by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, Amy Coney Barrett, and Ketanjia Brown Jackson.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFederal law requires that appeals generally wait until a case is completely over\u2014what lawyers call the \u0022final judgment rule\u0022 (28 U.S.C. \u00a71291). A narrow exception exists for a small category of pretrial rulings that are \u0022effectively unreviewable\u0022 after a trial concludes\u2014meaning the right at stake would be permanently lost if the appeal had to wait. The key to that exception is the difference between a defense and an immunity. An immunity means a party cannot be dragged into court at all, regardless of whether it broke the law\u2014the right to avoid trial itself is lost forever once trial occurs. A defense, by contrast, is simply an argument that the party did nothing wrong; if a court mistakenly rejects it, the defendant can still win at trial or have that error corrected on appeal afterward.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Yearsley doctrine is a defense, not an immunity. It protects a contractor only when the government gave a lawful directive and the contractor stayed within its bounds\u2014meaning the protection depends entirely on whether the contractor acted lawfully. That is the definition of a merits defense. An immunity, by contrast, shields a party even when it broke the law (sovereign immunity is the classic example). Because Yearsley evaporates the moment a contractor exceeds its authority or acts under an illegal directive, it can never protect unlawful conduct\u2014and no true immunity works that way. Sovereign immunity also belongs exclusively to the government itself; longstanding precedent bars its transfer to contractors simply because they do the government\u0027s work. A contractor found liable at trial can appeal the Yearsley issue then, so no right is \u0022irretrievably lost\u0022 by waiting.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Clarence Thomas concurred in part and in the judgment, agreeing that Yearsley is a defense rather than an immunity, but refusing to join the majority\u0027s application of the Cohen collateral-order doctrine, which he views as an unconstitutional judicial expansion of appellate jurisdiction that belongs to Congress to define through legislation or rulemaking.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Samuel Alito concurred in the judgment, agreeing that Yearsley is not an immunity from suit, but arguing the majority\u0027s reasoning was oversimplified\u2014the better test for whether a defense qualifies as an immunity is whether allowing an immediate appeal is necessary to vindicate important constitutional or public-policy interests, and Yearsley fails that test because no such weighty interests are at stake.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":63836,"name":"Dominic E. 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