{"ID":63799,"name":"Urias-Orellana v. Bondi","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2025\/24-777","view_count":0,"docket_number":"24-777 ","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Douglas Humberto Urias-Orellana","second_party":"Pamela Bondi, Attorney General","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1751259600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55692"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1764568800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55746"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1772604000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55797"}],"lower_court":{"ID":6,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/6"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EDouglas Humberto Urias-Orellana, a Salvadoran citizen, fled to the United States with his wife and minor child after facing threats from Wilfredo, a local hitman. The violence began in 2016 when Wilfredo shot and seriously injured Urias-Orellana\u2019s two half-brothers in separate incidents. Wilfredo then vowed to kill their entire family. Over the next several years, Urias-Orellana was repeatedly threatened at gunpoint by masked men demanding money and warning they would harm him like his brothers. In December 2020, he was physically assaulted in his hometown, with the attackers striking him three times in the chest.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo escape these threats, Urias-Orellana and his family relocated multiple times within El Salvador. They lived peacefully in some locations for extended periods but encountered problems when returning to areas near his hometown. After noticing his attackers searching for him in early 2021, the family entered the United States without authorization in June 2021.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Department of Homeland Security charged Petitioners with removability for illegal entry. They applied for asylum based on persecution of their family group, with Urias-Orellana also seeking protection under the Convention Against Torture. The Immigration Judge denied their applications, finding the harm did not constitute persecution and that they could safely relocate within El Salvador. The Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed, leading to this petition for review before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit. The First Circuit denied the petition for review, upholding the Board of Immigration Appeals\u2019 decision on all claims.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EMust a federal court of appeals defer to the BIA\u2019s judgment that a given set of undisputed facts does not demonstrate mistreatment severe enough to constitute \u201cpersecution\u201d under 8 U.S.C. \u00a7 1101(a)(42)?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen a federal appeals court reviews an immigration agency\u0027s determination that an asylum seeker\u0027s experiences do not qualify as \u0022persecution\u0022 under federal law, the court must apply the deferential \u0022substantial-evidence\u0022 standard \u2014 meaning it can overturn the agency\u0027s conclusion only if the evidence was so overwhelming that no reasonable decision-maker could have reached the same result. Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson authored the unanimous opinion of the Court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo qualify for asylum, a person must demonstrate they faced \u0022persecution\u0022 \u2014 or have a well-founded fear of future persecution \u2014 based on their race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. Federal law (\u00a71252(b)(4)(B)) directs appeals courts reviewing immigration removal orders to treat the agency\u0027s factual findings as conclusive unless any reasonable decision-maker would have been forced to reach the opposite conclusion. This is the substantial-evidence standard: a court cannot simply substitute its own judgment for the agency\u0027s; it must defer to the agency unless the evidence compelled a different result. The Immigration and Nationality Act grants the government the authority to make this persecution determination in the first instance, and Congress deliberately structured judicial review to be narrow and deferential throughout.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe persecution determination is what lawyers call a \u0022mixed question of law and fact\u0022 \u2014 it requires the agency to find the facts (what happened to the applicant) and then apply a legal standard (does that amount to persecution?). Some lower courts had reviewed the legal-application piece independently, without deference. That approach is wrong. A 1992 Supreme Court decision, INS v. Elias-Zacarias, already held that the substantial-evidence standard covers the entire persecution inquiry \u2014 both the underlying facts and the legal conclusion drawn from them. When Congress overhauled immigration law in 1996, it added \u00a71252(b)(4)(B) using language that closely mirrors Elias-Zacarias, signaling that it intended to codify \u2014 not overturn \u2014 that deferential approach. Because the overall refugee determination centers on factual judgments about what an applicant actually experienced abroad, requiring deference across the whole inquiry is consistent with Congress\u0027s broader intent throughout the statute to limit federal court second-guessing of immigration agency decisions.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":63844,"name":"Nicholas Rosellini","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/nicholas_rosellini","view_count":0,"last_name":"Rosellini","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"nicholas_rosellini"},"advocate_description":"for the Petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/23817"},{"advocate":{"ID":63845,"name":"Joshua Dos Santos","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/joshua_dos_santos","view_count":0,"last_name":"Dos Santos","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"joshua_dos_santos"},"advocate_description":"for the Respondent ","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/23818"}],"oral_argument_audio":[{"id":25824,"title":"Oral Argument - December 01, 2025","public_note":null,"unavailable":false,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/25824"}],"citation":{"volume":"607","page":null,"year":"2026","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_citation\/case_citation\/28091"},"decisions":[{"description":"When a federal appeals court reviews an immigration agency\u0027s determination that an asylum seeker\u0027s experiences do not qualify as \u0022persecution\u0022 under federal law, the court must apply the deferential \u0022substantial-evidence\u0022 standard.","votes":[{"member":{"ID":33869,"name":"Ketanji Brown Jackson","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/ketanji_brown_jackson","view_count":0,"last_name":"Jackson","roles":[{"id":3520,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":1656565200,"date_end":0,"appointing_president":null,"role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/3520"}],"thumbnail":{"id":82011,"mime":"image\/png","size":58056,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/filefield_paths\/thumbnail_ketanji_brown_jackson.png"},"length_of_service":1310,"identifier":"ketanji_brown_jackson"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"majority","joining":null,"seniority":9,"ideology":-2.809,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/213534"},{"member":{"ID":15086,"name":"John G. 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