{"ID":63806,"name":"Hencely v. Fluor Corporation","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2025\/24-924","view_count":0,"docket_number":"24-924","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Winston Tyler Hencely","second_party":"Fluor Corporation","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1748840400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55699"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1762149600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55722"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1776834000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55824"}],"lower_court":{"ID":9,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/9"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2016, U.S. Army Specialist Winston Tyler Hencely was stationed at Bagram Airfield in Afghanistan as part of Operation Freedom\u2019s Sentinel. Fluor Corporation held a Department of Defense contract to provide base life support services at Bagram, including vehicle maintenance and hazardous materials management. Under the military\u2019s \u201cAfghan First\u201d counterinsurgency program, which aimed to develop the Afghan economy by employing local nationals, Fluor\u2019s subcontractor hired Ahmad Nayeb, an Afghan national. The Army sponsored Nayeb\u2019s employment despite knowing he was a former Taliban member, viewing his hiring as a reintegration effort. Nayeb worked the night shift at the hazardous materials section of the non-tactical vehicle yard with limited supervision.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDuring his employment, Nayeb likely smuggled explosives onto the base and constructed an explosive vest while working alone, using base tools including a multimeter he had checked out despite not needing it for his assigned duties. On the morning of November 12, 2016, at the end of his shift, Nayeb was supposed to board a bus to be escorted off base. Instead, he lied about needing to attend a hazardous materials class and walked undetected for 53 minutes to an area near the starting line of a Veterans Day 5K race. When Hencely and others confronted him, Nayeb detonated his vest, killing himself and five others while severely wounding seventeen more, including Hencely. The Taliban claimed credit for the attack.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHencely sued Fluor in the U.S. District Court for the District of South Carolina, alleging negligent supervision, entrustment, and retention under South Carolina law, as well as breach of the government contract. The district court granted judgment to Fluor on all claims, holding that federal law preempted the state tort claims and that Hencely was not a third-party beneficiary entitled to enforce the government contract. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes Boyle v. United Technologies Corporation, which immunized government contractors from liability under certain circumstances, extend to preempt state tort claims against a government contractor for conduct that breached its contract and violated military orders?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EState-law tort claims against military contractors are not preempted\u2014meaning federal law does not override them\u2014if the federal government neither ordered nor authorized the specific conduct that caused the injury. Justice Clarence Thomas authored the 6-3 majority opinion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Supremacy Clause of the Constitution requires state law to yield to federal law only when a clear conflict exists. No federal statute or constitutional provision expressly bars personal injury lawsuits against private companies operating in war zones. While the Federal Tort Claims Act\u2014the law governing lawsuits against the government\u2014protects the military from liability for \u201ccombatant activities,\u201d this protection does not automatically extend to private contractors. A contractor only shares the government\u2019s sovereign immunity (the legal doctrine protecting the government from being sued without its consent) when it strictly follows specific government orders. Because the contractor in this case allegedly violated the military\u2019s safety and supervision instructions, there is no \u201csignificant conflict\u201d between state law and federal policy.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Constitution\u2019s grant of war powers to the President and Congress does not create a blanket immunity for all activities occurring in a combat zone. Historically, courts have allowed plaintiffs to sue for damages arising from wartime conduct if that conduct exceeded legal or military authority. Furthermore, private contractors do not become federal agencies simply by performing services for the military. Without a specific law from Congress granting immunity, states retain their ordinary power to regulate private companies through tort law. Therefore, a lawsuit can proceed when it challenges a contractor\u2019s failure to meet its own contractual and safety obligations.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Samuel Alito dissented, joined by Chief Justice Roberts and Justice Kavanaugh, arguing that the Constitution\u2019s grant of war powers to the federal government implicitly bars state-law suits that interfere with military security and strategic policy in a combat zone.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":63831,"name":"Frank H. 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