{"ID":63820,"name":"Flowers Foods, Inc. v. Brock ","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2025\/24-935","view_count":0,"docket_number":"24-935","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Flowers Foods, Inc., et al.","second_party":"Angelo Brock","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1760936400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55727"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1774414800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55802"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1779944400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55837"}],"lower_court":{"ID":14,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/14"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EPetitioners\u2014the defendants, collectively known as \u201cFlowers\u201d\u2014produce and sell packaged baked goods throughout the United States. Flowers utilizes a \u201cdirect-store-delivery\u201d system, contracting with individuals it classifies as independent distributors who purchase the rights to distribute its products within specific geographic territories. In 2016, Angelo Brock, operating as Brock, Inc., signed a \u201cDistributor Agreement\u201d with Flowers Baking Co. of Denver, LLC (\u201cFlowers Denver\u201d) to distribute products in parts of Colorado. This agreement, along with a \u201cPersonal Guaranty\u201d Brock signed, included a mandatory Arbitration Agreement stipulating that disputes must be resolved under the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnder this arrangement, Brock, Inc. placed orders for products, most of which were produced by Flowers bakeries located out of state, specifically to fill those orders. Flowers shipped the goods to a warehouse in Denver. Brock picked up the products at the warehouse, loaded them onto his own vehicle, and delivered them to his customers\u2014various retail stores located only within Colorado. Brock himself did not cross state lines while making these deliveries. The business relationship soured, and Brock filed a lawsuit alleging Flowers misclassified its distributors as independent contractors to systematically underpay them, asserting violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act and Colorado labor law.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBrock filed his putative class and collective action in the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado. Flowers moved to compel arbitration based on the parties\u2019 agreement, but the district court denied the motion, concluding that Brock falls within the FAA\u2019s \u00a7 1 exemption for transportation workers engaged in interstate commerce. On appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit affirmed that decision.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EAre workers who deliver locally goods that travel in interstate commerce\u2014but who do not transport the goods across borders nor interact with vehicles that cross borders\u2014\u201ctransportation workers\u201d \u201cengaged in foreign or interstate commerce\u201d for purposes of the exemption in Section 1 of the Federal Arbitration Act?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EA worker who handles goods on a purely intrastate (within one state) leg of a broader interstate journey qualifies for the Federal Arbitration Act\u0027s (FAA) \u00a71 exemption \u2014 meaning courts cannot force that worker into arbitration \u2014 even if the worker never personally crosses state lines or loads and unloads vehicles that do. Justice Neil Gorsuch authored the unanimous opinion of the Court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe FAA generally requires courts to enforce private arbitration agreements, but \u00a71 carves out an exception for \u0022contracts of employment\u0022 of workers \u0022engaged in interstate commerce.\u0022 The plain meaning of those words, drawn from dictionaries in use when Congress enacted the FAA in 1925, resolves the question. To \u0022engage\u0022 meant to take part in, be employed in, or be involved in something. \u0022Interstate commerce\u0022 meant the transportation of goods between points in one state and points in another \u2014 a definition that inherently includes intrastate stretches of a longer cross-border trip. A continuous delivery that begins in one state and ends in another is interstate commerce the entire way, even along the segments that stay within a single state\u0027s borders. A worker who handles goods during any direct, active, and necessary segment of that journey therefore participates in interstate commerce, regardless of whether the worker personally crosses a state line.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHistorical precedent reinforces this reading. In The Daniel Ball (1871), a steamship operating entirely within Michigan still counted as \u0022engaged in commerce between the States\u0022 because it carried goods destined for other states. That principle \u2014 that multiple independent actors can each participate in a single interstate transaction even if each one stays within one state \u2014 maps directly onto the FAA\u0027s language. Flowers Foods argued that only workers who physically cross state lines or handle vehicles that do qualify for the exemption, but that bright-line rule finds no support in the statutory text and would produce absurd results, exempting only the driver who briefly crosses a border while excluding every other driver who moved the same shipment before and after that crossing.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":42961,"name":"Traci L. Lovitt","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/traci_l_lovitt","view_count":0,"last_name":"Lovitt","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"traci_l_lovitt"},"advocate_description":"for the Petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/23887"},{"advocate":{"ID":63035,"name":"Jennifer D. 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