{"ID":63825,"name":"Havana Docks Corporation v. Royal Caribbean Cruises, Ltd.","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2025\/24-983","view_count":0,"docket_number":"24-983","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Havana Docks Corporation","second_party":"Royal Caribbean Cruises, Ltd., et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1759467600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55732"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1771826400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/55789"}],"lower_court":{"ID":15,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/15"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EThe dispute centers on property in the Port of Havana now known as the Havana Cruise Port Terminal. In the early 20th century, the Cuban Government granted a 50-year concession to a predecessor of Havana Docks Corporation (Havana Docks) to build and operate piers and terminal facilities at the port. This concession, a usufructuary right, was extended to 99 years in 1920, with a scheduled expiration date in 2004. Havana Docks, a company organized under the laws of Delaware and determined to be a U.S. national, acquired the concession in 1928. In 1960, shortly after Fidel Castro came to power, the Cuban Government confiscated the concession, expropriating Havana Docks\u2019 property and assets at the Port of Havana without compensation. Subsequently, Havana Docks filed a claim with the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission, which certified a loss of over $9 million stemming from the confiscation. After Title III of the Helms-Burton Act became fully effective in May 2019, Havana Docks sued several cruise lines, including Royal Caribbean Cruises, Ltd., Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings, Ltd., Carnival Corporation, and MSC Cruises S.A. Co., for \u201ctrafficking\u201d in the confiscated port property when their ships used the Havana Cruise Port Terminal from 2016 to 2019.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe district court initially issued judgments totaling over $100 million against the four cruise lines. On appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit affirmed the district court\u2019s finding that Havana Docks is a U.S. national under the Helms-Burton Act. However, the Eleventh Circuit reversed the judgments related to the 2016-2019 conduct, holding that Havana Docks\u2019 limited property interest, the 99-year concession, would have expired in 2004, meaning the cruise lines did not traffic in the confiscated property during that period. The court remanded the case for further proceedings on Havana Docks\u2019 separate claims against Carnival for alleged trafficking between 1996 and 2001.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EIs the legal right to sue under Title III of the LIBERTAD Act tied to the confiscated property claim or the hypothetical, unexpired duration of the original property interest?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EUnder Title III of the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act, a company that once held any property interest in physical property that Cuba confiscated can sue anyone who later \u0022traffics\u0022 in \u2014 that is, knowingly uses or commercially benefits from \u2014 that physical property, even if the company\u0027s original interest in it would have expired before the trafficking occurred. Justice Clarence Thomas authored the 8-1 majority opinion of the Court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETitle III imposes liability on any person who traffics in \u0022property which was confiscated by the Cuban Government\u0022 after January 1, 1959, without the authorization of the U.S. national who owns the claim to that property. The Act defines \u0022property\u0022 broadly to include both physical things and legal interests in them \u2014 such as real estate, personal property, leases, and other rights. This definition makes clear that liability attaches for trafficking in either. When the Cuban government physically seized the docks in 1960 \u2014 expelling Havana Docks\u0027 employees and assuming direct control \u2014 it \u0022confiscated\u0022 that physical property within the Act\u0027s plain meaning, which covers any seizure of \u0022ownership or control of property.\u0022 At that moment, the docks became tainted: off-limits to anyone who might later use them without the original claimholder\u0027s permission. A plaintiff bringing a Title III claim need only show that (1) Cuba confiscated property after January 1, 1959; (2) the defendant knowingly trafficked in that property; and (3) the plaintiff is a U.S. national who owns a certified claim to it.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Eleventh Circuit\u0027s competing approach \u2014 which required courts to imagine a world without confiscation and then ask whether the defendant\u0027s conduct would have interfered with the plaintiff\u0027s interest in that hypothetical scenario \u2014 finds no support in the Act\u0027s text. That counterfactual framework would actually gut Title III\u0027s core applications. For instance, if a court must pretend confiscation never happened, then in that imagined world the original American owner still holds the property interest \u2014 meaning a third party could never have bought or sold it, which would eliminate liability for the most straightforward trafficking the Act targets. Title III is simply an anti-trafficking law: it acknowledges that Cuba\u0027s expropriation destroyed the plaintiff\u0027s property interest, then gives that plaintiff a right to compensation from anyone who later profits from the same tainted property.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Sonia Sotomayor concurred, joined by Justice Brett Kavanaugh, agreeing with the holding but writing separately to flag two unresolved issues for remand: whether the Act\u0027s damages structure permits potentially unlimited stacked recoveries far exceeding the original certified loss (which may raise due process concerns), and whether the cruise lines\u0027 voyages qualified for the statutory exception that shields property uses \u0022incident to lawful travel to Cuba.\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Elena Kagan dissented, arguing that the docks were never Havana Docks\u0027 property to begin with \u2014 Cuba always owned them \u2014 so Cuba could not have \u0022confiscated\u0022 what it already possessed; what Cuba confiscated was only Havana Docks\u0027 time-limited operating concession, which would have expired in 2004, and the cruise lines\u0027 use of the docks more than a decade after that expiration date cannot constitute trafficking in property that no longer existed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":63883,"name":"Richard D. 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